Recent ‘New Conservation’ approaches called for more ecosystem services (ES) emphasis in conservation. We analysed data from 3757 Natura 2000 special protection areas (SPAs) and translated positive and negative impacts listed by conservation managers into indicators of the use of nine provisioning, regulating and cultural ES. Overall, the use of ES is considered by SPA managers to affect conservation goals more negatively than positively. ES associated with livestock keeping and fodder production are recorded as having the highest fraction of positive impacts on SPAs, ranging from 88% and 78% in the Boreal biogeographic region to 20% and 6% in the Mediterranean. The use of ES varied according to dominant habitat class, highlighting the dependence of specific ES on associated ecosystem functions. For instance, fibre production was the predominant ES throughout forest habitats while crop, fodder and livestock exhibit similar patterns of dominance across agricultural landscapes. In contrast, the use of wild food and recreation activities are seen as causing mainly negative effects across all habitats. Our analysis suggests that most uses of ES result in negative effects on conservation goals. These outcomes should be considered when implementing future conservation strategies.

最近的“新保护”方法要求在保护中更多地强调生态系统服务（ES）。我们分析了来自3757 Natura 2000特殊保护区（SPA）的数据，并将保护经理列出的正面和负面影响转化为使用9种供应，法规和文化ES的指标。总体而言，SPA管理者认为ES的使用对保护目标的负面影响要大于正面影响。据记录，与牲畜饲养和饲料生产相关的生态系统对SPA产生的积极影响比例最高，从北部生物地理区域的88％和78％到地中海的20％和6％。生态系统的使用根据主要的栖息地类别而变化，突出了特定生态系统对相关生态系统功能的依赖性。例如，纤维生产是整个森林栖息地的主要生态系统，而农作物，饲料和牲畜在农业景观中表现出相似的主导模式。相比之下，野生食品和娱乐活动的使用被认为主要对所有生境造成负面影响。我们的分析表明，ES的大多数使用都会对保护目标产生负面影响。在实施未来的保护策略时应考虑这些结果。