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The law, ecosystem services and ecosystem functions: An in-depth overview of coverage and interrelation
Ecosystem Services ( IF 7.6 ) Pub Date : 2017-06-16 , DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoser.2017.05.011
V. Mauerhofer

Ecosystem services have been particularly since the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment in 2005 a broadly analysed issue. This discussion has been widely led by scholars from environmental and related economic sciences, while social scientists have paid less attention and legal scholars have hardly entered a deeper controversy about the topic.

This paper addresses the following questions

1.

in how far law in general already currently covers – perhaps not explicitly - ecosystem services,

2.

in how far law goes beyond the pure coverage of these ‘services’ and additionally covers functions of ecosystems which usually are not already considered ‘services’,

3.

which consequences arise from this differentiated coverage by law, and

4.

which services/functions of ecosystems the law and even governance in the widest sense are not able to cover at all or in particular situations.

The whole analysis is implemented by an in-depth review of existing academic literature as well as by means of theoretical and practical cases which support the arguments brought forward.

First, it is shown by examples that law covers since millennia the essence of all the main different ecosystem services but not necessarily by using the term ecosystem services.

Secondly, several cases describe how law addresses functions of ecosystems which often are not considered (anymore) by humans as ecosystem services, such as river floods, springtides and volcano eruptions.

Thirdly, among the consequences found are conflicting interests between more ecocentric related functions and more anthropocentric related services of ecosystems. Law has played in the past a pivotal role in fostering these ecosystem services. With regard to ecosystem functions the role of law has during the past been a less enabling, but rather a restricting one. However, some recent changes of this situation, e.g. in flood protection or wilderness conservation are shown.

Fourthly, the paper indicates e.g. natural genetic modifications and fertilizing through volcano eruption as services/functions of ecosystems which the law and even governance in the widest sense is not able to cover at all in the sense of enabling, but only – if at all - can cover in a reactive way.

The results of this contribution provide a basic assessment of the relationship between law and the functions as well as the services of ecosystems. In this way, the findings critically reflect potentials and pitfalls to be globally considered when intending to apply law on these features.



中文翻译:

法律,生态系统服务和生态系统功能:涵盖范围和相互关系的深入概述

自2005年《千年生态系统评估》以来,生态系统服务尤其受到关注。环境与相关经济科学领域的学者广泛地进行了这一讨论,而社会科学家的关注较少,而法学学者则几乎没有对此话题进行更深入的争论。

本文解决以下问题

1。

总体而言,法律目前已经涵盖(也许未明确)生态系统服务的范围,

2。

法律在多大程度上超出了这些“服务”的纯粹涵盖范围,还涵盖了通常不被视为“服务”的生态系统的功能,

3。

法律的这种差异性覆盖会带来哪些后果,以及

4,

法律或什至最广义的治理根本无法涵盖生态系统的哪些服务/功能。

整个分析是通过对现有学术文献的深入审查以及支持所提出论点的理论和实践案例来进行的。

首先,通过实例表明,法律自几千年以来就涵盖了所有主要的不同生态系统服务的本质,但不一定使用术语生态系统服务。

其次,一些案例描述了法律如何处理生态系统的功能,而人类通常不再将其视为生态系统服务,例如河流洪水,弹跳和火山喷发。

第三,发现的后果是生态系统的更多以生态为中心的功能与更多以人为中心的服务之间的利益冲突。过去,法律在促进这些生态系统服务中起着举足轻重的作用。在生态系统功能方面,法律的作用在过去不太容易实现,而只是一种限制。但是,显示了这种情况的一些最新变化,例如在防洪或荒野保护方面。

第四,该论文指出,例如自然的遗传修饰和通过火山喷发作为生态系统的服务/功能而进行的施肥,从广义上说,法律和什至最广义的治理都根本无法涵盖,但仅在可能的情况下,可以以反应方式覆盖。

这一贡献的结果提供了对法律与生态系统功能和服务之间关系的基本评估。通过这种方式,研究结果可以严格反映在打算对这些特征适用法律时要全局考虑的潜力和陷阱。

更新日期:2017-12-14
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