Difenoconazole is widely used to inhibit the growth of fungi, but its residue in the water environment may threaten ecosystem and human health. Here, ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and LC–MS/MS based metabolomics and transcriptomics approaches were used to assess the response of zebrafish to difenoconazole exposure. Early life stages of zebrafish were exposed to difenoconazole at environmentally relevant concentrations for 168 h. Their comparison with the control group suggested an adverse development and disturbance of steroid hormones and VTG. KEGG pathway analysis identified five biological processes on the basis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs), as well as altered metabolites and amino acids in zebrafish following difenoconazole exposure. These affected processes included energy metabolism, amino acids metabolism, lipid metabolism, nucleotide metabolism, and an immune-related pathway. Collectively, these results bring us closer to an incremental understanding of the toxic effects of difenoconazole on zebrafish in its early development, and lend support to the continued use of the early life stages of zebrafish as a classical model to evaluate underlying environmental risks of xenobiotics in aquatic organisms.

Difenoconazole被广泛用于抑制真菌的生长，但是其残留在水环境中可能会威胁生态系统和人类健康。在这里¹使用H核磁共振（NMR）以及基于LC-MS / MS的代谢组学和转录组学方法来评估斑马鱼对敌百诺康唑暴露的响应。斑马鱼的生命早期阶段在与环境有关的浓度下暴露于敌苯康唑达168小时。他们与对照组的比较表明类固醇激素和VTG的不良发展和干扰。KEGG通路分析根据差异表达基因（DEGs）以及在二苯甲康唑暴露后斑马鱼中代谢物和氨基酸的变化，确定了五个生物学过程。这些受影响的过程包括能量代谢，氨基酸代谢，脂质代谢，核苷酸代谢和免疫相关途径。总的来说，