The economic feasibility of retrofitting an amine based post-combustion CO₂ capture process to an existing Kraft pulp mill and an existing integrated pulp and board mill has been assessed. This study builds on the technical assessment of the energy performance of the mills when retrofitting a post-combustion CO₂ capture process by Onarheim et al. (2017).

Between 75 to 100% of the CO₂ emissions from the pulp and paper industry originate from the combustion of biomass. If the raw material is sourced sustainably, these emissions are categorized as carbon neutral. Applying sustainably managed biomass in the pulp and paper processes and capturing the resulting CO₂ for permanent storage enables the industry to go carbon negative. In this study, the economic impact of retrofitting CO₂ capture from the flue gases of the recovery boiler, the multi-fuel boiler and the lime kiln were assessed.

The levelized cost of pulp and the cost of CO₂ avoided were evaluated based on six different scenarios varying the CO₂ tax, incentives for renewable electricity production, with and without recognizing biogenic CO₂ emissions as neutral (exempting CO₂ emissions from tax or not), and rewarding captured and permanently stored CO₂ with negative emissions credit. Results show that the pulp and paper industry has a potential for realizing feasible implementation of large-scale industrial Bio-CCS. For cases where 60–90% of total site CO₂ emissions are captured, the cost of avoided CO₂ amounts to 52–66 €/t for the Kraft pulp mill and 71–89 €/t for the integrated pulp and board mill. The cost of avoided CO₂, and thus the realization of Bio-CCS in the pulp and paper industry, is strongly dependent on prevailing policy frameworks such as the EU ETS. In order to reach a levelized cost of pulp similar to the reference mill without CO₂ capture, a negative CO₂ emission credit of 60–70 €/t CO₂ for the Kraft pulp mill and 70–80 €/t CO₂ for the integrated pulp and board mill will be required.

As long as biogenic CO₂ emissions that are captured and permanently stored are not recognized as negative and rewarded accordingly there is no economic incentive for the owners of pulp and paper mills to implement CCS. The only way to get the pulp and paper industry to implement and deploy Bio-CCS will need the support of the decision-makers in promoting the right policy framework and regulations to encourage the investment such as strong incentives for negative emissions which are bankable during the long term operation of the mills.

已经评估了将胺基燃烧后CO ₂捕集工艺改造为现有的牛皮纸制浆厂和现有的综合制浆造纸厂的经济可行性。这项研究建立在对Onarheim等人的燃烧后CO ₂捕集工艺进行改造时，对工厂的能源性能进行技术评估的基础上。（2017）。

制浆和造纸工业产生的CO ₂排放量的75％至100％来自生物质的燃烧。如果原材料是可持续来源，则这些排放被归类为碳中和。在纸浆和造纸过程中应用可持续管理的生物质并捕获所产生的CO ₂以进行永久存储，可使该行业实现负碳减排。在这项研究中，评估了改造从回收锅炉，多燃料锅炉和石灰窑的烟气中捕集的CO ₂的经济影响。

基于六种不同的情景，评估了纸浆的平整成本和避免的CO ₂成本，这些情景改变了CO ₂税，可再生电力生产的激励机制，有或没有将生物源性CO ₂排放识别为中性（是否使CO ₂排放免税） ），并以负排放信用奖励已捕获并永久存储的CO ₂。结果表明，纸浆和造纸工业具有实现大规模工业Bio-CCS可行实施的潜力。对于捕获了现场总CO ₂排放量60-90％的情况，避免CO ₂的成本卡夫纸浆厂的价格为52-66欧元/吨，纸浆和纸板综合厂的价格为71-89欧元/吨。避免的CO ₂成本，以及因此在制浆造纸行业中实现Bio-CCS的成本，在很大程度上取决于现行的政策框架，例如EU ETS。为了达到纸浆类似于参考铣刀的平准化成本而不CO ₂捕获，负CO ₂的排放60-70信用€/吨CO ₂的硫酸盐纸浆厂和70-80€/吨CO ₂的将需要纸浆和纸板综合工厂。

只要捕获并永久存储的生物CO ₂排放不被视为负排放并相应地予以奖励，就不会对制浆造纸厂的所有者实施CCS产生经济诱因。使制浆造纸业实施和部署Bio-CCS的唯一方法将需要决策者的支持，以促进制定正确的政策框架和法规，以鼓励投资，例如在减排过程中可以对负排放采取强有力的激励措施。工厂的长期运营。