Pepper & Nettle argue that the more present-oriented behavior associated with a low socioeconomic status is an adaptive response to having relatively little control over the future. However, a study of fasters during Ramadan shows that self-imposed deprivation, which carries no implications regarding the ability to realize deferred rewards, is associated with loss and risk aversion.

中文翻译：

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失去控制并不是诱发剥夺行为后果的必要条件：斋月期间的宗教禁食案例

Pepper & Nettle 认为，与社会经济地位低相关的更面向现在的行为是对未来控制相对较少的适应性反应。然而，对斋月期间禁食者的一项研究表明，自我强加的剥夺与损失和风险规避有关，这对实现递延奖励的能力没有任何影响。