Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) regulate protein functions and interactions. ADP-ribosylation is a PTM, in which ADP-ribosyltransferases use nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD⁺) to modify target proteins with ADP-ribose. This modification can occur as mono- or poly-ADP-ribosylation. The latter involves the synthesis of long ADP-ribose chains that have specific properties due to the nature of the polymer. ADP-Ribosylation is reversed by hydrolases that cleave the glycosidic bonds either between ADP-ribose units or between the protein proximal ADP-ribose and a given amino acid side chain. Here we discuss the properties of the different enzymes associated with ADP-ribosylation and the consequences of this PTM on substrates. Furthermore, the different domains that interpret either mono- or poly-ADP-ribosylation and the implications for cellular processes are described.

中文翻译：

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ADP-核糖基化，涉及健康和疾病中细胞生理学控制的多层面翻译后修饰

翻译后修饰（PTM）调节蛋白质功能和相互作用。ADP-核糖基化是一种PTM，其中ADP-核糖基转移酶使用烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸（NAD ⁺）用ADP-核糖修饰靶蛋白。这种修饰可以单-或多-ADP-核糖基化发生。后者涉及长ADP-核糖链的合成，由于聚合物的性质，该链具有特定的性质。水解酶逆转ADP-核糖基化，所述水解酶在ADP-核糖单元之间或蛋白近端ADP-核糖与给定的氨基酸侧链之间切割糖苷键。在这里，我们讨论与ADP-核糖基化相关的不同酶的性质，以及该PTM对底物的影响。此外，描述了解释单-或多-ADP-核糖基化的不同结构域及其对细胞过程的影响。