Abstract The drive toward greener process chemistry has stimulated the development of strong solid acids to replace traditional catalysts for efficient biodiesel production from free fatty acid (FFA) enriched biomass feedstocks. Notably, heterogeneous systems enable simple product isolation procedures and improve the catalyst recyclability. They may also be used in continuous reactors. Increasing interest is directed toward organic polymer-supported solid acid catalysts, holding the promise of easy incorporation of the catalyst into the support with high density and easy tuning of the support microstructure/morphology. In the present review, the focus is set on the most widely employed members of this class, including cation-exchange resins, micro- and mesoporous acidic resins, as well as supported acidic ionic liquids and ionomeric membranes. Moreover, we present the use of alternative organic polymer-based acidic catalysts (hybrid systems). Attention is paid to correlations between parameters such as catalyst morphology, excess of alcohol required, FFA content in oil feedstock, presence of impurities and the performance of resin-supported acid catalysts, as well as to the catalyst recyclability. Finally, a brief survey illustrates the use of resin-supported acid catalysts for the preparation of biofuel additives alkyl levulinates – structurally quite similar to the biodiesel – starting from biomass derived levulinic acid.

中文翻译：

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用于高效生物柴油和生物衍生添加剂生产的磺化树脂催化剂的最新进展

摘要 对绿色工艺化学的推动刺激了强固体酸的发展，以取代传统催化剂，以从富含游离脂肪酸 (FFA) 的生物质原料中高效生产生物柴油。值得注意的是，多相系统可以实现简单的产品分离程序并提高催化剂的可回收性。它们也可用于连续反应器中。越来越多的兴趣指向有机聚合物负载的固体酸催化剂，它有望将催化剂容易地掺入具有高密度的载体中，并且载体的微观结构/形态易于调整。在本综述中，重点放在此类中使用最广泛的成员上，包括阳离子交换树脂、微孔和中孔酸性树脂，以及负载型酸性离子液体和离聚物膜。此外，我们介绍了替代有机聚合物基酸性催化剂（混合系统）的使用。注意参数之间的相关性，例如催化剂形态、所需醇的过量、油原料中的 FFA 含量、杂质的存在和树脂负载的酸催化剂的性能，以及催化剂的可回收性。最后，一项简短的调查说明了使用树脂负载的酸催化剂制备生物燃料添加剂乙酰丙酸烷基酯 - 结构与生物柴油非常相似 - 从生物质衍生的乙酰丙酸开始。杂质的存在和树脂负载酸催化剂的性能，以及催化剂的可回收性。最后，一项简短的调查说明了使用树脂负载的酸催化剂制备生物燃料添加剂乙酰丙酸烷基酯 - 结构与生物柴油非常相似 - 从生物质衍生的乙酰丙酸开始。杂质的存在和树脂负载酸催化剂的性能，以及催化剂的可回收性。最后，一个简短的调查说明了使用树脂负载的酸催化剂制备生物燃料添加剂乙酰丙酸烷基酯 - 结构与生物柴油非常相似 - 从生物质衍生的乙酰丙酸开始。