Low reversion of lithium sulfide and defects causing irreversible capacity loss are the primary causes of low Coulombic efficiency in tin sulfide/graphene-based composites. Herein, we synthesized a SnS/graphene composite via a novel lithiation-assisted exfoliation and reduction method using SnS₂, n-butyllithium, and graphene oxide as raw materials. The experimental results reveal that lithium from the insertion agent combine with the oxygen-containing groups on graphene oxide; this can help in the reduction of hexagonal SnS₂ to orthorhombic SnS during calcination and simultaneous pre-occupancy of the edge and defect sites of graphene; thus, additional lithium ion consumption during the initial several lithiation processes is diminished. Microstructural characterizations indicate that the exfoliated SnS nanosheets with a dramatically decreased lateral size (50–100 nm) are uniformly decorated on the surface of lithium-integrated graphene sheets. Consequently, the as-prepared SnS/graphene composite exhibits a significantly high SnS ultilization with a 77.5% initial Coulombic efficiency, which is the highest value reported in the current literature. Moreover, an excellent reversibility of conversion reaction (SnS + 2Li⁺ + 2e⁻ ↔ Sn + Li₂S) and a high reversible capacity of 1016.4 mA h g⁻¹ after 100 cycles are expressed in this composite electrode, demonstrating its importance as an anode material for energy storage.

中文翻译：

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在锂集成石墨烯上进行锂化辅助剥落并将SnS ₂还原为SnS ₂以有效储能

硫化锂的低还原性和导致不可逆容量损失的缺陷是硫化锡/石墨烯基复合材料库仑效率低的主要原因。在这里，我们以SnS ₂，正丁基锂和氧化石墨烯为原料，通过新颖的锂化辅助剥离和还原方法合成了SnS /石墨烯复合材料。实验结果表明，嵌入剂中的锂与氧化石墨烯上的含氧基团结合。这可以帮助减少六角形的SnS ₂在煅烧以及石墨烯的边缘和缺陷部位的同时预占据过程中发生正交晶态的SnS; 因此，减少了最初几个锂化过程中额外的锂离子消耗。微观结构表征表明，剥落的SnS纳米片的横向尺寸（50–100 nm）显着减小，在锂集成石墨烯片的表面上均匀地装饰。因此，所制备的SnS /石墨烯复合材料显示出显着高的SnS固含量，初始库仑效率为77.5％，这是当前文献中报道的最高值。而且，转化反应具有出色的可逆性（SnS + 2Li ⁺ + 2e ^- ↔Sn + Li ₂S）和在该复合电极中表现出100个循环后1016.4 mA hg ^-1的高可逆容量，证明了其作为储能阳极材料的重要性。