In this study, mesoporous WO₃ films with oxygen vacancy defects have been fabricated using the camphene-assisted sol–gel method. By controlling the optimized weight ratio of camphene on the WO₃ films, we developed a unique film structure of the WO₃ phase with both mesoporous morphology and oxygen vacancy defects due to the distinctive effect of camphene. The mesoporous WO₃ films with oxygen vacancy defects fabricated using 10 wt% camphene showed superb multifunctional electrochromic (EC) properties with both fast switching speeds (5.8 s for coloration speed and 1.0 s for bleaching speed) and high coloration efficiency (CE, 51.4 cm² C⁻¹), which include the most prominent properties, particularly for switching speeds among WO₃-based films reported so far. The attractive EC properties are due to the synergistic effects of the mesoporous morphology and oxygen vacancy defects on the WO₃. The fast switching speeds are mainly caused by the reduced Li⁺ diffusion pathway due to the mesoporous morphology and increased electrical conductivity due to the oxygen vacancy defects. In addition, the increased CE value is due to the large transmittance modulation as a result of a more effective electrostatic contact of the mesoporous morphology and an increased optical bandgap of the oxygen vacancy defects on the WO₃. Therefore, this unique film structure of the mesoporous WO₃ films with oxygen vacancy defects can be potentially regarded as a novel EC material for high-performance EC devices.

中文翻译：

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具有氧空位缺陷的中孔WO ₃膜的快速转换电致变色性能

在这项研究中，已经使用了hen烯辅助的溶胶-凝胶法制备了具有氧空位缺陷的中孔WO ₃膜。通过控制在WO ₃膜上的最佳比例的camp烯，我们开发了独特的WO ₃相膜结构，由于camp烯的独特作用，该膜具有中孔形态和氧空位缺陷。使用10 wt％的角叉烯制造的具有氧空位缺陷的中孔WO ₃膜具有出色的多功能电致变色（EC）性能，既具有快速的切换速度（着色速度5.8 s，漂白速度1.0 s），又具有高着色效率（CE，51.4 cm ² C ^-1），包括最突出的特性，尤其是迄今为止报道的基于WO ₃的薄膜之间的转换速度。吸引人的EC性能归因于中孔形态和氧空位缺陷对WO ₃的协同作用。快速的开关速度主要是由于介孔形态导致的Li ⁺扩散路径减少以及氧空位缺陷导致的电导率增加所致。另外，由于介孔形态的更有效的静电接触和WO ₃上的氧空位缺陷的光学带隙增加，CE值的增加归因于大的透射率调制。因此，介孔WO的这种独特的膜结构具有氧空位缺陷的₃膜可以潜在地被认为是用于高性能EC器件的新型EC材料。