Abstract Phosphorus-doped three-dimensional hierarchical porous carbons (P-3DHPCs) have been synthesized by direct pyrolysis of mixture containing glucose, manganese nitrate and sodium hypophosphite without any hard templates. Glucose and sodium hypophosphite are used as carbon and phosphorus source in the facile template-free strategy, respectively. The P-3DHPCs not only possess favorable hierarchical pore structure which is beneficial to ion adsorption and transportation, but also acquire effective heteroatoms doping, further improving the capacitive performance. More importantly, the amount of sodium hypophosphite plays a critical role in textural properties and phosphorus content of P-3DHPCs. The results demonstrate that P-3DHPC-0.2 shows the best electrochemical performance compared to the other samples. High specific capacitance (367 F g −1 at 0.3 A g −1 ) is obtained in 6 M KOH, and the capacitance still maintains 319 F g −1 when tested at 20 A g −1 (ca.88% capacitance retention). Moreover, the P-3DHPC-0.2 also possesses good cycling stability with only a loss of 3.5% after 10000 cycles at 3 A g −1 . The facile preparation method and good electrochemical performance render P-3DHPCs to be a promising candidate for supercapacitor application.

中文翻译：

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用于高性能超级电容器的磷掺杂 3D 分级多孔碳：孔结构和化学成分的平衡策略

摘要 磷掺杂的三维分级多孔碳（P-3DHPCs）是通过不含任何硬模板的葡萄糖、硝酸锰和次磷酸钠的混合物直接热解合成的。在简便的无模板策略中，葡萄糖和次磷酸钠分别用作碳源和磷源。P-3DHPCs不仅具有良好的分层孔结构有利于离子吸附和传输，而且获得了有效的杂原子掺杂，进一步提高了电容性能。更重要的是，次磷酸钠的量对 P-3DHPC 的质地特性和磷含量起着关键作用。结果表明，与其他样品相比，P-3DHPC-0.2 显示出最佳的电化学性能。在 6 M KOH 中获得了高比电容（0.3 A g -1 时为 367 F g -1 ），并且在 20 A g -1 下测试时电容仍保持为 319 F g -1 （大约 88% 的电容保持率）。此外，P-3DHPC-0.2 还具有良好的循环稳定性，在 3 A g -1 下循环 10000 次后仅损失 3.5%。简便的制备方法和良好的电化学性能使 P-3DHPCs 成为超级电容器应用的有希望的候选者。