The replacement of fossil resources that currently provide more than 90% of our energy needs and feedstocks of the chemical industry in combination with reduced emission of carbon dioxide is one of the most pressing challenges of mankind. Biomass as a globally available resource has been proposed as an alternative feedstock for production of basic building blocks, which could partially or even fully replace the currently utilized fossil-based ones in well-established chemical processes. The destruction of lignocellulosic feed followed by oxygen removal from its cellulose and hemicellulose content by catalytic processes results in the formation of initial platform chemicals (IPCs). However, their sustainable production strongly depends on the availability of resources, their efficient or even industrially viable conversion processes, and replenishment time of feedstocks. Herein, we overview recent advances and developments in catalytic transformations of the carbohydrate content of lignocellulosic biomass to IPCs (i.e., ethanol, 3-hydroxypropionic acid, isoprene, succinic and levulinic acids, furfural, and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural). The mechanistic aspects, development of new catalysts, different efficiency indicators (yield and selectivity), and conversion conditions of their production are presented and compared. The potential biochemical production routes utilizing recently engineered microorganisms are reviewed, as well. The sustainability metrics that could be applied to the chemical industry (individual set of sustainability indicators, composite indices methods, material and energy flow analysis-based metrics, and ethanol equivalents) are also overviewed as well as an outlook is provided to highlight challenges and opportunities associated with this huge research area.

中文翻译：

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碳水化合物到初始平台化学品的催化转化：化学和可持续性

目前，化石资源的替代已满足了我们90％的化学工业能源需求和原料，同时减少了二氧化碳的排放，这是人类面临的最紧迫挑战之一。已经提出，生物质作为一种全球可用的资源，可以作为生产基本构件的替代原料，可以在完善的化学过程中部分或什至完全替代目前使用的基于化石的物质。木质纤维素进料的破坏，然后通过催化过程从其纤维素和半纤维素含量中除去氧气，导致形成初始平台化学品（IPC）。但是，其可持续生产在很大程度上取决于资源的可用性，其有效乃至工业上可行的转化过程，和原料补给时间。在本文中，我们概述了木质纤维素生物质的碳水化合物含量向IPC（即乙醇，3-羟基丙酸，异戊二烯，琥珀酸和乙酰丙酸，糠醛和5-羟甲基糠醛）催化转化的最新进展。介绍并比较了机械方面，新催化剂的开发，不同的效率指标（产率和选择性）以及它们的生产转化条件。还回顾了利用最近改造的微生物的潜在生化生产路线。可以应用于化工行业的可持续性指标（各种可持续性指标，综合指标方法，基于材料和能量流分析的指标，