Due to the low volatility and highly oxygenated nature of biomass derived feedstocks, biomass upgrade reactions are frequently conducted in the presence of solvent to improve substrate mass transfer to the catalyst surface. However, relevant catalyst characterization techniques are most often performed in vacuum or inert gas environments, where the effect of solvent on the catalytic sites is ignored. Comparatively, characterization techniques in the presence of solvent are relatively rare, which poses challenges in developing structure–activity relationships for liquid phase reactions. In this perspective, commonly utilized techniques for probing the solid–liquid interface are briefly covered, with a focus on the role of solvent on zeolite and solid acid catalysis. New applications of techniques are proposed, most notably with ATR-FTIR, in the context of extracting thermodynamic information for the further understanding of the role of solvent on broadly applicable catalyst properties, such as acidity, and to develop structure–activity relationships for solid catalysts in solvent.

中文翻译：

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在溶剂存在下的催化剂表征：液相结构与活性关系的发展

由于生物质衍生的原料的低挥发性和高度氧化的性质，生物质升级反应经常在溶剂存在下进行以改善底物向催化剂表面的转移。然而，相关的催化剂表征技术最常在真空或惰性气体环境中进行，其中溶剂对催化部位的影响被忽略。相比之下，在溶剂存在下的表征技术相对较少，这在开发液相反应的构效关系方面提出了挑战。从这个角度出发，简要介绍了探测固液界面的常用技术，重点是溶剂在沸石和固体酸催化中的作用。提出了新的技术应用，尤其是在ATR-FTIR中，