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Improving Post-Detonation Energetics Residues Estimations for the Life Cycle Environmental Assessment Process for Munitions
Chemosphere ( IF 8.8 ) Pub Date : 2017-11-15 , DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.11.072
Michael Walsh , Brian Gullett , Marianne Walsh , Matthew Bigl , Johanna Aurell

The Life Cycle Environmental Assessment (LCEA) process for military munitions tracks possible environmental impacts incurred during all phases of the life of a munition. The greatest energetics-based emphasis in the current LCEA process is on manufacturing. A review of recent LCEAs indicates that energetics deposition on ranges from detonations and disposal during training is only peripherally examined through assessment of combustion products derived from closed-chamber testing or models. These assessments rarely report any measurable energetic residues. Field-testing of munitions for energetics residues deposition has demonstrated that over 30% of some energetic compounds remain after detonation, which conflicts with the LCEA findings. A study was conducted in the open environment to determine levels of energetics residue deposition and if combustion product results can be correlated with empirical deposition results. Energetics residues deposition, post-detonation combustion products, and fine aerosolized energetics particles following open-air detonation of blocks of Composition C4 (510 g RDX/block) were quantified. The deposited residues amounted to 3.6 mg of energetic per block of C4, or less than 0.001% of the original energetics. Aerial emissions of energetics were about 7% of the amount of deposited energetics. This research indicates that aerial combustion products analysis can provide a valuable supplement to energetics deposition data in the LCEA process but is insufficient alone to account for total residual energetics. This study demonstrates a need for the environmental testing of munitions to quantify energetics residues from live-fire training.



中文翻译:

改进弹药生命周期环境评估过程的爆炸后能量残留估计

军用弹药的生命周期环境评估(LCEA)流程可跟踪弹药生命各个阶段可能产生的环境影响。当前LCEA流程中基于能量学的最大重点是制造。对最新LCEA的审查表明,在训练过程中,从爆炸和处置范围内的高能沉积仅通过评估闭室试验或模型得出的燃烧产物进行外围检查。这些评估很少报告任何可测量的高能残留物。弹药的高能残留沉积物的现场测试表明,爆炸后仍有30%以上的高能化合物残留,这与LCEA的发现相矛盾。在露天环境中进行了一项研究,以确定高能残留物的沉积水平,以及燃烧产物的结果是否可以与经验沉积结果相关联。定量对组合物C4的嵌段(510 g RDX /嵌段)进行露天引爆后的高能残留物沉积,爆炸后燃烧产物和精细的雾化高能粒子。每块C4沉积的残留能量为3.6 mg能量,或不到原始能量的0.001%。高能的空中排放量约为沉积的高能的7%。这项研究表明,空中燃烧产物分析可以为LCEA过程中的高能沉积数据提供有价值的补充,但仅靠其不足以解决总残余高能的问题。

更新日期:2017-11-16
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