Capillary condensation (CC), namely, the formation from the vapor of a stable phase of drops below the saturation pressure, is a prevalent phenomenon. It may occur inside porous structures or between surfaces of particles. CC between surfaces, a liquid “bridge”, is of particular practical interest because of its resulting adhesive force. To date, studies have focused on pure water condensation. However, nonvolatile materials, such as salts and surfactants, are prevalent in many environments. In the current study, the effect of these contaminants on CC is investigated from a thermodynamic point of view. This is done by computing the Gibbs energy of such systems and developing the modified Kelvin equation, based on the Kohler theory. The results demonstrate that nonvolatile solutes may have a number of major effects, including an increase in the critical radius and the stabilization of the newly formed phase.

中文翻译：

---

盐粒的毛细管凝结

毛细管冷凝（CC），即由蒸汽形成低于饱和压力的稳定相滴的现象是普遍的现象。它可能发生在多孔结构内部或颗粒表面之间。由于其产生的粘合力，在表面之间的CC（液体“桥”）具有特别的实用价值。迄今为止，研究集中在纯水凝结上。但是，在许多环境中普遍使用非挥发性材料，例如盐和表面活性剂。在当前的研究中，从热力学的角度研究了这些污染物对CC的影响。这是通过计算此类系统的吉布斯能量并根据科勒理论开发改进的开尔文方程来完成的。结果表明，非挥发性溶质可能具有许多主要作用，