Abstract Optical diagnostics for fluid temperature measurements continue to further our understanding of flows involving heat transfer and/or chemical reactions, which are intrinsic to key areas including energy production, the process industries, transportation, heating/cooling systems and naturally-occurring thermal convection. Besides temperature, all flows must also be described by their velocity. As these flows are often turbulent, an important capability is to measure both velocity and temperature at the same time to capture, for example, the turbulent heat flux term appearing in the energy conservation equation. This paper reviews temperature measurement techniques for fluid flows that are based on thermographic phosphors, which are materials that possess temperature-dependent luminescence properties. Phosphor particles are seeded into the fluid flow of interest. Following laser excitation, the luminescence of the particles is detected, and the temperature measurement is derived using either the spectral intensity ratio or the lifetime. The same particles can also be used for velocity measurements using well-established particle-based approaches, such as laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV) or particle image velocimetry (PIV), producing instantaneously correlated vector-scalar data. First introduced over a decade ago, this concept has since evolved and is currently capable of two-dimensional measurements in the temperature range 200–900 K. At lower temperatures a single-shot spatial precision better than 4 K is possible, as is imaging at sampling rates in the multi-kHz range. The approach is flexible, allowing, for example, techniques which probe single particles for point measurements with a 200 µm spatial resolution. Besides many validation experiments, the method has been applied in internal combustion engines, a falling film absorber, a high-pressure reaction vessel and in enclosed wind tunnels to study various turbulent heat transfer and reactive flow phenomena. The objective of this article is to provide the first review of this emerging field. The focus is on 1) the method: how has the principle of phosphor thermometry been used for flow measurements, and what instrumentation and processing steps were implemented; 2) how phosphor particles were characterised, and which phosphors are best-suited to temperature measurements in flows; and 3) the applications of the technique. Throughout, and with a detailed analysis of various sources of error, the review endeavours to compare the work and identify common aspects, advantages and limitations of the studies that led to successful flow measurements, and therefore should serve as a guide for researchers using the method. The article also briefly summarises the various challenges which the authors consider are key to the future development of these diagnostics.

中文翻译：

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使用热成像荧光示踪粒子的气体和液体流温度测量技术

摘要 流体温度测量的光学诊断继续加深我们对涉及热传递和/或化学反应的流动的理解，这些流动是能源生产、加工工业、运输、加热/冷却系统和自然发生的热对流等关键领域所固有的。除了温度，所有的流动也必须用它们的速度来描述。由于这些流动通常是湍流，一个重要的能力是同时测量速度和温度，以捕获，例如，出现在能量守恒方程中的湍流热通量项。本文回顾了基于热成像荧光粉的流体流动温度测量技术，热成像荧光粉是具有温度相关发光特性的材料。磷粒子被播种到感兴趣的流体流中。在激光激发之后，检测粒子的发光，并使用光谱强度比或寿命得出温度测量值。相同的粒子也可用于使用成熟的基于粒子的方法进行速度测量，例如激光多普勒测速 (LDV) 或粒子图像测速 (PIV)，产生瞬时相关的矢量标量数据。这个概念在十多年前首次引入，此后不断发展，目前能够在 200-900 K 的温度范围内进行二维测量。在较低的温度下，单次空间精度优于 4 K 是可能的，成像在多 kHz 范围内的采样率。该方法是灵活的，例如允许 以 200 µm 空间分辨率探测单个粒子以进行点测量的技术。除了许多验证实验外，该方法已应用于内燃机、降膜吸收器、高压反应容器和封闭风洞中，研究各种湍流传热和反应流动现象。本文的目的是对这一新兴领域进行首次回顾。重点在于 1) 方法：如何将荧光粉测温原理用于流量测量，以及实施了哪些仪器和处理步骤；2) 如何表征磷光体颗粒，以及哪些磷光体最适合流动中的温度测量；3) 该技术的应用。在整个过程中，并通过对各种错误来源的详细分析，该评论致力于比较工作并确定导致成功流量测量的研究的共同方面、优势和局限性，因此应作为使用该方法的研究人员的指南。文章还简要总结了作者认为对这些诊断方法的未来发展至关重要的各种挑战。