Based on the concept of grid-scale energy storage systems (ESSs), organic sodium-ion batteries (OSIBs), combining the merits of SIBs and the advantages of organic materials, are promising candidates for the new stage of commercial batteries. Organic cathode materials of calix[4]quinone (C4Q) in LIBs have delivered a high initial discharge capacity of 422 mA h g⁻¹. However, its sodium storage property remains unclear. Here, a series of C4Q/ordered mesoporous carbon (CMK-3) nanocomposites have been firstly prepared by simple perfusion methods and employed as cathode materials for rechargeable sodium batteries. Systematic characterization including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis has been carried out, which demonstrated that C4Q was almost completely infused in the nano-pores of CMK-3 when its content was lower than 66 wt%. The optimized nanocomposite with 33 wt% C4Q exhibits a superior initial discharge capacity up to 438 mA h g⁻¹ at 0.1C rate and a capacity retention of 219.2 mA h g⁻¹ after 50 cycles. The enhanced cycling stability and high-rate capability are attributed to the nanosize effect and the good conduction of CMK-3. This constrains the dissolution of the embedded active materials. Our results enrich the family of inorganic–organic nanoconfinement cathode materials for high capacity sodium batteries.

中文翻译：

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无机-有机纳米复合杯[4]醌（C4Q）/ CMK-3作为高容量钠电池的正极材料

基于网格规模储能系统（ESS）的概念，有机钠离子电池（OSIB）结合了SIB的优点和有机材料的优势，有望成为商用电池新阶段的候选者。LIB中杯[4]醌（C4Q）的有机阴极材料提供了422 mA hg ^-1的高初始放电容量。但是，其钠存储特性仍不清楚。在此，首先通过简单的灌注方法制备了一系列C4Q /有序介孔碳（CMK-3）纳米复合材料，并将其用作可充电钠电池的阴极材料。系统表征包括扫描电子显微镜（SEM），透射电子显微镜（TEM），X射线衍射（XRD）和Brunauer-Emmett-Teller（BET）分析，这表明C4Q几乎完全注入了当其含量低于66重量％时，CMK-3的纳米孔。具有33 wt％C4Q的优化纳米复合材料在0.1C速率下显示出高达438 mA hg ^-1的优异初始放电容量和219.2 mA hg ^-1的容量保持率50个周期后。增强的循环稳定性和高倍率能力归因于纳米尺寸效应和CMK-3的良好导电性。这限制了嵌入的活性材料的溶解。我们的结果丰富了用于高容量钠电池的无机-有机纳米约束阴极材料系列。