The performance and stability of organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is sensitive to water and moisture in an ambient environment. Understanding how H₂O influences the perovskite material is also important for developing appropriate control strategies to mitigate the problem. Here we provide a comprehensive review on the effect of water on the state-of-the-art lead-based perovskite solar cells in terms of perovskite material design, perovskite film preparation, device fabrication, and photovoltaic application. It is found that a moderate amount of water can facilitate nucleation and crystallization of the perovskite material, resulting in better perovskite film quality and enhanced PSC performance. The perovskite materials are irreversibly destroyed by H₂O after a certain level of water, but they exihibit better tolerance than initially expected. Humidity resistant fabrication of high-performance PSC devices and modules should therefore be favoured. Generally, water shows a negative effect on the long-term stability and lifetime of PSCs. To reduce the effects from water during outdoor operation, attention should be paid to different protection methods such as varying the perovskite composition, optimizing the electron/hole transport layer and encapsulation of the device.

中文翻译：

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H ₂ O对有机-无机杂化钙钛矿太阳能电池的影响

有机-无机杂化钙钛矿太阳能电池（PSC）的性能和稳定性对周围环境中的水和湿气敏感。了解H ₂ O如何影响钙钛矿材料对于开发适当的控制策略来缓解该问题也很重要。在这里，我们就钙钛矿材料设计，钙钛矿膜制备，器件制造和光伏应用方面，对水对最先进的铅基钙钛矿太阳能电池的影响进行了全面综述。发现适量的水可以促进钙钛矿材料的成核和结晶，从而导致更好的钙钛矿膜质量和增强的PSC性能。钙钛矿材料不可逆地被H ₂破坏O在一定水平的水之后，但是它们表现出比最初预期的更好的耐受性。因此，应该偏向于高性能PSC器件和模块的防潮制造。通常，水对PSC的长期稳定性和寿命显示出负面影响。为了减少户外操作期间水的影响，应注意不同的保护方法，例如改变钙钛矿的成分，优化电子/空穴传输层和器件的封装。