Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) usually suffer from a hysteresis effect in current–voltage measurements, which leads to an inaccurate estimation of the device efficiency. Although ion migration, charge trapping/detrapping, and accumulation have been proposed as a basis for the hysteresis, the origin of the hysteresis has not been apparently unraveled. Herein we reported a tunable hysteresis effect based uniquely on open-circuit voltage variations in printable mesoscopic PSCs with a simplified triple-layer TiO₂/ZrO₂/carbon architecture. The electrons are collected by the compact TiO₂/mesoporous TiO₂ (c-TiO₂/mp-TiO₂) bilayer, and the holes are collected by the carbon layer. By adjusting the spray deposition cycles for the c-TiO₂ layer and UV-ozone treatment, we achieved hysteresis-normal, hysteresis-free, and hysteresis-inverted PSCs. Such unique trends of tunable hysteresis are analyzed by considering the polarization of the TiO₂/perovskite interface, which can accumulate positive charges reversibly. Successfully tuning of the hysteresis effect clarifies the critical importance of the c-TiO₂/perovskite interface in controlling the hysteretic trends observed, providing important insights towards the understanding of this rapidly developing photovoltaic technology.

中文翻译：

---

钙钛矿太阳能电池的可调磁滞效应

钙钛矿型太阳能电池（PSC）通常在电流-电压测量中会出现滞后效应，从而导致对器件效率的估算不准确。尽管已经提出了离子迁移，电荷俘获/俘获和累积作为磁滞的基础，但是磁滞的起源尚未得到清楚的阐明。在本文中，我们报告了基于可简化的三层TiO ₂ / ZrO ₂ /碳结构的可印刷介观PSC中开路电压变化的可调节滞后效应。电子被致密的TiO ₂ /介孔TiO ₂（c-TiO ₂ / mp-TiO ₂）双层，空穴被碳层收集。通过调整c-TiO ₂层的喷涂沉积周期和紫外线臭氧处理，我们实现了正常的迟滞，无迟滞和迟滞反转的PSC。通过考虑TiO ₂ /钙钛矿界面的极化可以分析可调节磁滞的这种独特趋势，该极化可以可逆地累积正电荷。成功地调节磁滞效应阐明了c-TiO ₂ /钙钛矿界面在控制观察到的磁滞趋势中的至关重要性，为理解这种快速发展的光伏技术提供了重要的见识。