Liquid–liquid extraction is the major technique being applied for the partitioning of f-elements from nuclear waste. In this review, the recent developments in ligand design, optimization and extraction properties are summarised for the main classes of extractants (organophosphorus ligands, diamides and N-heterocycles), with a focus on the separation of actinides and lanthanides. Structural modifications, pre-organisation and different solvent systems, as key factors for the fine-tuning of the extraction properties, are discussed. From this review, it appears that small modifications of the structure of the ligand, the pre-organising platform or the solvent can have significant impact on the extraction (and separation) of metal ions. Interest in the combinations of ligands for the extraction processes is growing, since they provide improvements over individual ligands. Similarly, unconventional approaches are being pursued to develop more efficient and greener processes.

中文翻译：

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核燃料循环中用于f元素提取的配体

液-液萃取是用于分离核废料中f元素的主要技术。在这篇综述中，总结了主要类别的萃取剂（有机磷配体，二酰胺和N-杂环）在配体设计，优化和萃取性能方面的最新进展，重点是act系元素和镧系元素的分离。讨论了结构改进，预组织和不同的溶剂系统，这些是微调萃取性能的关键因素。从该综述来看，似乎对配体，预组织平台或溶剂的结构进行小的修饰会对金属离子的萃取（和分离）产生重大影响。人们对用于萃取过程的配体组合的兴趣不断增长，因为它们提供了优于单个配体的改进。同样，正在寻求非常规方法来开发更高效，更环保的流程。