The corporeal beauty of the neuronal cytoskeleton has captured the imagination of generations of scientists. One of the easiest cellular structures to visualize by light microscopy, its existence has been known for well over 100 years, yet we have only recently begun to fully appreciate its intricacy and diversity. Recent studies combining new probes with super-resolution microscopy and live imaging have revealed surprising details about the axonal cytoskeleton and, in particular, have discovered previously unknown actin-based structures. Along with traditional electron microscopy, these newer techniques offer a nanoscale view of the axonal cytoskeleton, which is important for our understanding of neuronal form and function, and lay the foundation for future studies. In this Review, we summarize existing concepts in the field and highlight contemporary discoveries that have fundamentally altered our perception of the axonal cytoskeleton.

神经元细胞骨架的有形美丽吸引了几代科学家的想象力。它的存在是最容易通过光学显微镜观察的细胞结构之一，已有100多年的历史了，但是直到最近我们才开始完全意识到它的复杂性和多样性。最近将新探针与超高分辨率显微镜和实时成像相结合的研究揭示了有关轴突细胞骨架的令人惊讶的细节，尤其是发现了以前未知的基于肌动蛋白的结构。与传统的电子显微镜一起，这些更新的技术提供了轴突细胞骨架的纳米级视图，这对于我们对神经元形式和功能的理解很重要，并为以后的研究奠定了基础。在这篇评论中，