Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are common neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs), categorized separately in the DSM-5 and International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision (ICD-10). Yet, there are significant clinical and neurobiological similarities among children with either ASD or ADHD. Considerable clinical and neurobiological heterogeneity within disorders is also present. The etiology of either ASD or ADHD remains unclear, although perturbation in large-scale neural connectivity has been implicated across disorders based on the association of genes that regulate neural migration and synaptic development with both disorders¹ and case-control neuroimaging studies that demonstrated altered structural and functional connectivity across several neural networks in either disorder, compared with typically developing controls (TDCs). Although neuroscience research has provided important clues regarding neurodevelopmental alterations present in ASD and ADHD, findings that are inconsistent and nonspecific to either NDD limit the opportunities for clinical translation.

自闭症谱系障碍（ASD）和注意力不足/多动症（ADHD）是常见的神经发育障碍（NDD），分别归类于DSM-5和《疾病和相关健康问题国际统计学分类》第十次修订版（ICD-10）中。但是，患有ASD或ADHD的儿童之间在临床和神经生物学上有明显的相似之处。在疾病中也存在相当大的临床和神经生物学异质性。ASD或ADHD的病因学仍不清楚，尽管基于调节神经迁移和突触发展的基因与这两种疾病的关系，跨疾病涉及大范围神经连接的扰动¹病例对照神经影像学研究表明，与典型的发展中的对照（TDC）相比，两种疾病在多个神经网络中的结构和功能连接都发生了变化。尽管神经科学研究已经提供了有关ASD和ADHD中神经发育改变的重要线索，但是不一致或非特异性地针对任一NDD的发现限制了临床翻译的机会。