Aqueous rechargeable batteries are desirable for energy storage because of their low cost and high safety. However, low capacity and short cyclic life are significant obstacles to their practical applications. Here, we demonstrate a highly reversible aqueous zinc–iodine battery using encapsulated iodine in microporous carbon as the cathode material by controlling solid–liquid conversion reactions. We identified the factors influencing solid–liquid conversion reactions, e.g., the pore size, surface chemistry of carbon host, and solvent effect. Rational manipulation of the competition between the adsorption in carbon and solvation in electrolytes for iodine species is responsible for the high reversibility and cyclic stability. The zinc–iodine battery delivers a high capacity of 174.4 mAh g^–1 at 1C, stable cyclic life over 3000 cycles with ∼90% capacity retention, and negligible self-discharge. We believe that the principles for stabilizing the zinc–iodine system could provide new insight for other conversion systems such as lithium–sulfur systems.

中文翻译：

---

控制高度可逆的锌碘水溶液的固液转化反应

水性可充电电池由于其低成本和高安全性而被期望用于能量存储。然而，低容量和短循环寿命是其实际应用的重大障碍。在这里，我们演示了一种高度可逆的锌碘水溶液，它通过控制固液转化反应，将微孔碳中的碘封装为正极材料。我们确定了影响固液转化反应的因素，例如孔径，碳主体的表面化学和溶剂效应。碳的吸附与电解质中的碘化物之间的竞争之间的竞争的合理操纵是造成高可逆性和循环稳定性的原因。锌碘电池可提供174.4 mAh g ^–1的高容量在1C下，在3000次循环中具有稳定的循环寿命，容量保持率约为90％，并且自放电率可忽略不计。我们认为，稳定锌碘系统的原理可以为其他转换系统（例如锂硫系统）提供新的见解。