Abstract Norovirus, which is transmitted by contact with a contaminated object or person who has a norovirus infection, eating contaminated food, or drinking contaminated water, is a highly contagious virus for humans and animals. Among many infection routes, water supply systems from reservoirs or dams become very important due to the possibility of mass infection. Because only a small amount of norovirus (10–100 particles forming unit) can cause the infection, a rapid and easy detection of the virus is required. Once norovirus is detected, the water supply should be quickly shut down. Here, we introduce a dual functional membrane capable of both easy detecting with the naked eye and blocking noroviruses. We employed an anodized aluminum oxide (AAO) membrane with uniform pores. The top and bottom parts of the membrane were grafted with polydiacetylene (PDA) and poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM), respectively. The top part was further bioconjugated by antibody for feline calicivirus (FCV), which is a model virus whose structure is similar to norovirus. The membrane showed color change from blue to red when the FCVs were attached to the antibodies. Water flux was controlled (turned on and off) by changing water temperature by using the well-known thermosensitive property of PNIPAM chains. On and off control of water flow was quickly established (less than 5 s) when a laser with near infrared (NIR) wavelength was turned on and off, respectively. In addition, the membrane completely blocked the virus influx into the water system by antibody binding before visual sensing followed by flow control.

中文翻译：

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双功能膜，既能视觉感知又能阻断水传播病毒

摘要 诺如病毒是通过接触受污染的物体或感染诺如病毒的人、食用受污染的食物或饮用受污染的水而传播的，是一种对人和动物具有高度传染性的病毒。在众多感染途径中，水库或大坝的供水系统由于存在大规模感染的可能性而变得非常重要。因为只有少量的诺如病毒（10-100 个粒子形成单位）可以引起感染，所以需要快速、轻松地检测病毒。一旦检测到诺如病毒，应迅速关闭供水。在这里，我们介绍了一种双功能膜，既可以用肉眼轻松检测，又可以阻断诺如病毒。我们采用了具有均匀孔的阳极氧化铝 (AAO) 膜。膜的顶部和底部分别用聚二乙炔 (PDA) 和聚 (N-异丙基丙烯酰胺) (PNIPAM) 接枝。上半部分通过猫杯状病毒（FCV）抗体进一步生物偶联，FCV是一种结构与诺如病毒相似的模型病毒。当 FCV 附着在抗体上时，膜的颜色从蓝色变为红色。使用 PNIPAM 链的众所周知的热敏特性，通过改变水温来控制（打开和关闭）水通量。当分别打开和关闭具有近红外 (NIR) 波长的激光时，水流的开和关控制很快（不到 5 秒）建立。此外，该膜在视觉传感和流量控制之前通过抗体结合完全阻止了病毒流入水系统。