Lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) are energy storage devices that have received much attention because of their high energy density, high power capacity, and long lifetime. However, even though they are used widely in daily life, their cycling life and safety need further improvement. Understanding the reaction mechanisms and the structural degradation during the lithiation/delithiation process is a prerequisite to further improve the performance of LIBs. In situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) allows one to monitor structural evolution at the atomic scale in real time, thus providing an unprecedented opportunity to characterize the lithiation reaction pathway in a nonequilibrium state during battery cycling. In this article, the recent advances with respect to elucidating the relationships of dynamic structural evolution, reaction kinetics, and performance of different nanostructured electrode materials at the atomic scale using in situ TEM, based on three representative reaction mechanisms, are described. Specifically, the three systems are intercalation reaction, conversion reaction, and alloying reaction. Based on the advances that have been made, it is expected that in situ TEM will play an indispensable role on future design of LIBs electrode materials.

中文翻译：

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锂离子电池中电极材料的原位透射电子显微镜原子尺度监测

锂离子电池（LIB）是一种储能设备，由于其高能量密度，高功率容量和长寿命而备受关注。然而，即使它们在日常生活中被广泛使用，它们的骑行寿命和安全性仍需要进一步改善。了解锂化/脱锂过程中的反应机理和结构退化是进一步提高LIB性能的先决条件。原位透射电子显微镜（TEM）可以实时监控原子尺度的结构演变，从而为电池循环过程中非平衡状态的锂化反应途径提供了前所未有的机会。在本文中，有关阐明动态结构演化，反应动力学，基于三种代表性的反应机理，描述了使用原位TEM在原子尺度上不同纳米结构电极材料的性能和性能。具体地，这三个系统是插入反应，转化反应和合金化反应。基于已取得的进展，预计原位TEM将在LIB电极材料的未来设计中发挥不可或缺的作用。