The demand for flexible power sources with high energy density and durability has increased rapidly with the development of flexible and wearable electronic devices. Metal–air batteries are considered as the most promising candidates for these applications due to their excellent theoretical energy densities. In particular, rechargeable zinc–air and lithium–air batteries have attracted much attention because of their potential to offer high energy density while maintaining a long operational life. Although significant progress has been made in enhancing the electrochemical performance of these batteries, many technical challenges still remain to achieve the mechanical flexibility required for wearable electronic devices while maintaining high performance. This article describes the most recent advances and challenges in the development of flexible zinc–air and lithium–air batteries. We start with an overview of the latest innovations in the exploration of various battery configurations to effectively accommodate stresses and strains associated with the use of flexible electronic devices. This is followed by a detailed review of the advancements made in the design of flexible battery components: the metal electrode, the electrolyte membrane, and the air electrode. Furthermore, the effects of operating conditions on battery performance characteristics and durabilities are discussed, including the effect of the operating temperature and the contaminants commonly encountered in ambient air (e.g., carbon dioxide and moisture). Finally, challenges facing the development of a new generation of flexible metal–air batteries are highlighted, together with further research directions and perspectives.

中文翻译：

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柔性锌和锂空气电池：最新进展，挑战和未来展望

随着柔性和可穿戴电子设备的发展，对具有高能量密度和耐久性的柔性电源的需求迅速增加。金属空气电池由于其优异的理论能量密度而被认为是这些应用的最有希望的候选者。尤其是可充电的锌-空气和锂-空气电池，因为它们具有提供高能量密度并保持较长使用寿命的潜力，因此备受关注。尽管在增强这些电池的电化学性能方面已取得重大进展，但在保持高性能的同时，要实现可穿戴电子设备所需的机械柔韧性仍存在许多技术挑战。本文介绍了柔性锌-空气和锂-空气电池的最新发展和挑战。我们首先概述了探索各种电池配置以有效适应与使用柔性电子设备相关的压力和应变的最新创新。接下来是对柔性电池组件（金属电极，电解质膜和空气电极）的设计进展的详细回顾。此外，还讨论了工作条件对电池性能特性和耐用性的影响，包括工作温度和周围空气中常见污染物的影响（我们首先概述了探索各种电池配置以有效适应与使用柔性电子设备相关的压力和应变的最新创新。接下来是对柔性电池组件（金属电极，电解质膜和空气电极）的设计进展的详细回顾。此外，还讨论了工作条件对电池性能特性和耐用性的影响，包括工作温度和周围空气中常见污染物的影响（我们首先概述了探索各种电池配置以有效适应与使用柔性电子设备相关的压力和应变的最新创新。接下来是对柔性电池组件（金属电极，电解质膜和空气电极）的设计进展的详细回顾。此外，还讨论了工作条件对电池性能特性和耐用性的影响，包括工作温度和周围空气中常见污染物的影响（金属电极，电解质膜和空气电极。此外，还讨论了工作条件对电池性能特性和耐久性的影响，包括工作温度和周围空气中常见污染物的影响（金属电极，电解质膜和空气电极。此外，还讨论了工作条件对电池性能特性和耐用性的影响，包括工作温度和周围空气中常见污染物的影响（例如二氧化碳和湿气）。最后，重点介绍了新一代柔性金属-空气电池开发所面临的挑战，以及进一步的研究方向和前景。