The upregulation of immune checkpoint molecules, such as programmed cell death protein 1 (PD1) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA4), on immune cells occurs during acute infections, such as malaria, as well as during chronic persistent viral infections, including HIV and hepatitis B virus. These pathways are important for preventing immune-driven pathology but can also limit immune-mediated clearance of the infection. The recent success of immune checkpoint blockade in cancer therapy suggests that targeting these pathways would also be effective for preventing and treating a range of infectious diseases. Here, we review our current understanding of immune checkpoint pathways in the pathogenesis of infectious diseases and discuss the potential for therapeutically targeting these pathways in this setting.

中文翻译：

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传染病的免疫检查站封锁

免疫细胞上免疫检查点分子（例如程序性细胞死亡蛋白1（PD1）和细胞毒性T淋巴细胞抗原4（CTLA4））的上调发生在急性感染（例如疟疾）以及慢性持续性病毒感染（包括HIV）期间和乙肝病毒。这些途径对于预防免疫驱动的病理学很重要，但也可能限制免疫介导的感染清除。免疫检查点封锁在癌症治疗中的最新成功表明，针对这些途径也将有效预防和治疗多种传染病。在这里，我们回顾了我们对传染病发病机理中免疫检查点途径的当前了解，并讨论了在这种情况下以治疗为目标的这些途径的潜力。