Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common childhood behavioural disorder. Systematic reviews indicate that the community prevalence globally is between 2% and 7%, with an average of around 5%. At least a further 5% of children have substantial difficulties with overactivity, inattention, and impulsivity that are just under the threshold to meet full diagnostic criteria for ADHD. Estimates of the administrative prevalence (clinically diagnosed or recorded) vary worldwide, and have been increasing over time. However, ADHD is still relatively under-recognised and underdiagnosed in most countries, particularly in girls and older children. ADHD often persists into adulthood and is a risk factor for other mental health disorders and negative outcomes, including educational underachievement, difficulties with employment and relationships, and criminality. The timely recognition and treatment of children with ADHD-type difficulties provides an opportunity to improve long-term outcomes. This Review includes a systematic review of the community and administrative prevalence of ADHD in children and adolescents, an overview of barriers to accessing care, a description of associated costs, and a discussion of evidence-based pathways for the delivery of clinical care, including a focus on key issues for two specific age groups-younger children (aged ≤6 years) and adolescents requiring transition of care from child to adult services.

中文翻译：

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儿童和青少年的多动症：患病率，护理途径和服务提供。

注意缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）是一种常见的儿童行为障碍。系统评价表明，全球社区患病率在2％至7％之间，平均约为5％。至少有5％的儿童在过度活动，注意力不集中和冲动方面存在严重困难，这些困难正处于满足ADHD完整诊断标准的阈值之下。全球范围内（临床诊断或记录的）行政管理流行率的估计数不尽相同，并且随着时间的推移而不断增加。但是，在大多数国家，特别是在女童和大龄儿童中，ADHD仍然相对未被充分认识和诊断不足。多动症通常会持续到成年，并且是导致其他心理健康障碍和不良后果（包括教育水平低下，就业和关系方面的困难以及犯罪。对患有多动症类型障碍的儿童的及时识别和治疗为改善长期预后提供了机会。该评价包括对儿童和青少年多动症的社区和行政患病率的系统评价，对获得治疗的障碍的概述，相关费用的描述以及对基于证据的临床治疗途径的讨论，包括将重点放在两个特定年龄组的关键问题上，即年龄较小的儿童（≤6岁）和需要从儿童服务向成人服务过渡的青少年。