The major goal of this review is to summarize recent exciting findings that have been published within the past 10 years that, to our knowledge, have not been presented in detail in previous reviews and that may impact altered follicular development in polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) and premature ovarian failure in women. Specifically, we will cover the following: (1) mouse models that have led to discovery of the derivation of two precursor populations of theca cells in the embryonic gonad; (2) the key roles of the oocyte-derived factor growth differentiation factor 9 on the hedgehog (HH) signaling pathway and theca cell functions; and (3) the impact of the HH pathway on both the specification of theca endocrine cells and theca fibroblast and smooth muscle cells in developing follicles. We will also discuss the following: (1) other signaling pathways that impact the differentiation of theca cells, not only luteinizing hormone but also insulinlike 3, bone morphogenic proteins, the circadian clock genes, androgens, and estrogens; and (2) theca-associated vascular, immune, and fibroblast cells, as well as the cytokines and matrix factors that play key roles in follicle growth. Lastly, we will integrate what is known about theca cells from mouse models, human-derived theca cell lines from patients who have PCOS and patients who do not have PCOS, and microarray analyses of human and bovine theca to understand what pathways and factors contribute to follicle growth as well as to the abnormal function of theca.

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卵巢滤泡膜细胞的招募、分化及其对生育力的影响：2017 年更新

这篇综述的主要目标是总结过去 10 年来发表的令人兴奋的发现，据我们所知，这些发现在之前的综述中尚未详细介绍，并且可能会影响多囊卵巢综合征 (PCOS) 中卵泡发育的改变和女性卵巢早衰。具体来说，我们将涵盖以下内容：（1）小鼠模型，该模型导致发现胚胎性腺中两个卵泡膜细胞前体群体的衍生；(2)卵母细胞衍生因子生长分化因子9对hedgehog(HH)信号通路和卵泡膜细胞功能的关键作用；(3) HH 途径对发育卵泡中卵泡膜内分泌细胞、卵泡膜成纤维细胞和平滑肌细胞的影响。我们还将讨论以下内容：（1）影响膜细胞分化的其他信号通路，不仅包括黄体生成素，还包括胰岛素样3、骨形态发生蛋白、生物钟基因、雄激素和雌激素；(2) 卵泡膜相关的血管细胞、免疫细胞和成纤维细胞，以及在卵泡生长中起关键作用的细胞因子和基质因子。最后，我们将整合小鼠模型中的卵泡膜细胞、来自 PCOS 患者和非 PCOS 患者的人源性卵泡膜细胞系以及人类和牛卵泡膜的微阵列分析，以了解哪些途径和因素有助于卵泡生长以及卵泡膜功能异常。