This review summarizes the influences of pyrolysis conditions and feedstock types on biochar properties, and how biochar properties in turn affect soil properties. Mechanistic evidence of biochar's potential for enhancing crop productivity, carbon sequestration, and nutrient use efficiency are also discussed. The review identifies the knowledge gaps, limitations, and future research directions for large-scale use of biochar. Both pyrolytic parameters and feedstock types are considered to be the main factors controlling biochar properties such as nutrient content, recalcitrance and pH. Biochar produced at low temperatures may improve nutrient availability and crop yield in acidic and alkaline soils, whereas high-temperature biochar may enhance long-term soil carbon sequestration. Biochar can also improve the efficiency of inorganic and organic fertilizers by enhancing microbial functions and reducing nutrient loss, thereby making nutrients more available to plants. Integration of biochar and chemical or organic fertilizers generally provides for better nutrient management and crop yield in most types of soils. Although biochar can improve degraded soils, it is not a panacea; as such, soil- and crop-specific biochar are needed in order to ensure optimum crop yield and agricultural sustainability.

中文翻译：

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生物炭特性对土壤条件和农业可持续性的影响：综述

本综述总结了热解条件和原料类型对生物炭特性的影响，以及生物炭特性如何反过来影响土壤特性。还讨论了生物炭提高作物生产力、碳固存和养分利用效率潜力的机制证据。该评论确定了大规模使用生物炭的知识差距、局限性和未来的研究方向。热解参数和原料类型都被认为是控制生物炭特性的主要因素，如营养成分、顽固性和 pH 值。在低温下生产的生物炭可以提高酸性和碱性土壤中的养分利用率和作物产量，而高温生物炭可以增强土壤的长期固碳。生物炭还可以通过增强微生物功能和减少养分流失来提高无机和有机肥料的效率，从而使植物更容易获得养分。生物炭与化学或有机肥料的结合通常可以在大多数类型的土壤中提供更好的养分管理和作物产量。生物炭虽然可以改良退化土壤，但也不是万能的；因此，需要针对土壤和作物的生物炭，以确保最佳作物产量和农业可持续性。它不是灵丹妙药；因此，需要针对土壤和作物的生物炭，以确保最佳作物产量和农业可持续性。它不是灵丹妙药；因此，需要针对土壤和作物的生物炭，以确保最佳作物产量和农业可持续性。