Abstract Forward osmosis (FO) is a membrane separation process using a highly concentrated draw solution with high osmotic potential to draw water across a semi-permeable membrane from a feed source. This feed source may be seawater, wastewater or other natural or contaminated water sources. Unlike other membrane driven purification processes, the product is not clean water, but a diluted draw solution. As a result a second step is often needed to produce a pure water product. A major advantage of FO is that the low hydrodynamic pressure involved leads to lowered fouling of membranes and greater flux recovery after cleaning, as well as often providing a low energy process which can recover clean water from difficult or highly fouling sources. Selection of an appropriate and effective draw solution is essential for the practical operation of an FO process. This review will give an overview of the theoretical underpinnings of draw solution performance and a comprehensive summary of the current literature regarding the different types of draw solutions which have been investigated and their respective benefits and detriments.

中文翻译：

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渗透的潜力：用于正向渗透的吸引溶质概述

摘要 正向渗透 (FO) 是一种膜分离过程，使用具有高渗透势的高浓度汲取溶液将水从进料源中穿过半透膜。该进料源可以是海水、废水或其他天然或受污染的水源。与其他膜驱动的净化过程不同，该产品不是干净的水，而是稀释的汲取溶液。因此，通常需要第二步来生产纯水产品。FO 的一个主要优点是所涉及的低流体动压导致膜污染降低和清洗后通量回收率更高，并且通常提供低能耗工艺，可以从困难或高度污染的水源中回收清洁水。选择合适且有效的牵引解决方案对于 FO 工艺的实际操作至关重要。这篇综述将对绘制溶液性能的理论基础进行概述，并对有关已研究的不同类型的绘制溶液及其各自的利弊的当前文献进行全面总结。