Background

As the prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases increases steadily, the need to develop new treatment approaches intensifies and the possibility of targeting risk and protective factors to delay onset of these diseases is attracting more interest. Dietary habits stand as one of the most promising modifiable risk factors for both Alzheimer's (AD) and Parkinson's (PD) diseases.

Scope and approach

Over the last 30 years, several groups have generated data indicating that concentrations of specific brain lipids highly depend on dietary intake. Preclinical results show that treatments with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) improve cognition, provide neuroprotection (and even neurorestoration), reduce neuroinflammation and influence neuronal function, while high-fat diets exert deleterious effects. Preclinical experiments have been conducted in well-recognized animal models of AD, PD, and ischemic stroke.

Key findings and conclusions

These studies have shown that dietary n-3 PUFA treatments consistently improve cognitive performance in animal models and may also exert disease-modifying actions. N-3 PUFA also provide protection to dopaminergic neurons in animal models of PD and possibly recovery after lesion. Furthermore, some of these effects might depend on specific diet formulations to protect long-chain fatty acids from oxidation or synergies with other nutrients. More generally, this review aims at providing evidence that adjustments in the consumption of dietary lipids alone or combined with other nutrients may be a cost-effective intervention to optimize brain function and prevent AD or PD.

中文翻译：

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Omega-3多不饱和脂肪酸与大脑健康：预防神经退行性疾病的临床前证据

背景

随着神经退行性疾病的患病率稳定增加，开发新的治疗方法的需求日益增加，针对风险和保护性因子以延缓这些疾病的发作的可能性越来越引起人们的关注。饮食习惯是阿尔茨海默氏病和帕金森氏病最有希望的可改变风险因素之一。

范围和方法

在过去的30年中，几个小组已经产生了表明特定脑脂质浓度高度依赖于饮食摄入量的数据。临床前结果表明，使用omega-3多不饱和脂肪酸（n-3 PUFA）进行治疗可改善认知，提供神经保护作用（甚至神经恢复），减少神经炎症并影响神经元功能，而高脂饮食则具有有害作用。在公认的AD，PD和缺血性卒中动物模型中进行了临床前实验。

主要发现和结论

这些研究表明，饮食中的n-3 PUFA治疗可以持续改善动物模型中的认知能力，并且还可以发挥改善疾病的作用。N-3 PUFA还可以保护PD动物模型中的多巴胺能神经元，并可能在病变后恢复。此外，其中一些影响可能取决于特定的饮食配方，以保护长链脂肪酸免受氧化或与其他营养物质的协同作用。更广泛地讲，本综述旨在提供证据，证明单独或与其他营养素结合使用饮食脂质的摄入量调整可能是优化脑功能并预防AD或PD的一种经济有效的干预措施。