NOD1 and NOD2 are pattern recognition receptors of the innate immune system with well-established roles in sensing fragments of bacterial peptidoglycan. In addition to their role as microbial sensors, recent evidence indicates that nucleotide-binding oligomerization domains (NODs) can also recognize a broader array of danger signals. Indeed, recent work has expanded the roles of NOD1 and NOD2 to encompass not only sensing of infections with viruses and parasites but also perceiving perturbations of cellular processes such as regulation of the actin cytoskeleton and maintenance of endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis. This review will comment on recent progress and point out emerging questions in these areas.

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NOD1和NOD2：超越肽聚糖的传感

NOD1和NOD2是先天免疫系统的模式识别受体，在感知细菌肽聚糖片段中具有公认的作用。除了它们作为微生物传感器的作用外，最近的证据表明核苷酸结合的寡聚域（NOD）也可以识别更广泛的危险信号。实际上，最近的工作已将NOD1和NOD2的作用扩展到不仅包括感测病毒和寄生虫的感染，而且还包括感知细胞过程的干扰，例如肌动蛋白细胞骨架的调节和内质网稳态的维持。这篇评论将评论最近的进展，并指出这些领域中出现的问题。