The past several years have witnessed an explosion of successful ancient human genome-sequencing projects, with genomic-scale ancient DNA data sets now available for more than 1,100 ancient human and archaic hominin (for example, Neandertal) individuals. Recent 'evolution in action' analyses have started using these data sets to identify and track the spatiotemporal trajectories of genetic variants associated with human adaptations to novel and changing environments, agricultural lifestyles, and introduced or co-evolving pathogens. Together with evidence of adaptive introgression of genetic variants from archaic hominins to humans and emerging ancient genome data sets for domesticated animals and plants, these studies provide novel insights into human evolution and the evolutionary consequences of human behaviour that go well beyond those that can be obtained from modern genomic data or the fossil and archaeological records alone.

中文翻译：

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利用古代基因组研究人类适应的历史

在过去的几年中，见证了成功的古代人类基因组测序项目的爆炸式增长，现在，已有1100多个古代人类和古人类（例如，尼安德特人）使用基因组规模的古代DNA数据集。最近的“行动进化”分析已开始使用这些数据集来识别和跟踪与人类对新的和变化的环境，农业生活方式以及引入或共同进化的病原体的适应相关的遗传变异的时空轨迹。连同从古人类到人类的遗传变异的适应性渗入的证据，以及针对驯养动植物的新兴古代基因组数据集，