“Engineered human organs” hold promises for predicting the effectiveness and accuracy of drug responses while reducing cost, time, and failure rates in clinical trials. Multiorgan human models utilize many aspects of currently available technologies including self‐organized spherical 3D human organoids, microfabricated 3D human organ chips, and 3D bioprinted human organ constructs to mimic key structural and functional properties of human organs. They enable precise control of multicellular activities, extracellular matrix (ECM) compositions, spatial distributions of cells, architectural organizations of ECM, and environmental cues. Thus, engineered human organs can provide the microstructures and biological functions of target organs and advantageously substitute multiscaled drug‐testing platforms including the current in vitro molecular assays, cell platforms, and in vivo models. This review provides an overview of advanced innovative designs based on the three main technologies used for organ construction leading to single and multiorgan systems useable for drug development. Current technological challenges and future perspectives are also discussed.

中文翻译：

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人体器官的3D微型化以开发药物

“工程人体器官”有望预测药物反应的有效性和准确性，同时减少临床试验中的成本，时间和失败率。Multiorgan人体模型利用了当前可用技术的许多方面，包括自组织球形3D人体类器官，微制造的3D人体器官芯片和3D生物打印的人体器官构造，以模仿人体器官的关键结构和功能特性。它们可以精确控制多细胞活动，细胞外基质（ECM）组成，细胞的空间分布，ECM的结构组织以及环境提示。因此，经过工程改造的人体器官可以提供靶器官的微观结构和生物学功能，并有利地替代多尺度药物测试平台，包括当前的体外分子测定，细胞平台和体内模型。这篇综述基于用于器官构建的三种主要技术提供了先进的创新设计的概述，这些技术导致了可用于药物开发的单器官系统和多器官系统。还讨论了当前的技术挑战和未来的前景。