We propose an evolutionary perspective to classify and characterize the diverse systems of adaptive immunity that have been discovered across all major domains of life. We put forward a new function‐based classification according to the way information is acquired by the immune systems: Darwinian immunity (currently known from, but not necessarily limited to, vertebrates) relies on the Darwinian process of clonal selection to ‘learn’ by cumulative trial‐and‐error feedback; Lamarckian immunity uses templated targeting (guided adaptation) to internalize heritable information on potential threats; finally, shotgun immunity operates through somatic mechanisms of variable targeting without feedback.

中文翻译：

---

适应性免疫系统的进化观点

我们提出了一个进化的观点来对在生命的所有主要领域中发现的各种适应性免疫系统进行分类和表征。我们根据免疫系统获取信息的方式提出了一种基于功能的新分类：达尔文免疫（目前已知，但不一定限于脊椎动物）依赖于达尔文的克隆选择过程，通过累积来“学习”试错反馈；拉马克免疫使用模板化目标（引导适应）来内化潜在威胁的遗传信息；最后，霰弹枪免疫通过可变目标的躯体机制运作，没有反馈。