The human brain undergoes rapid growth in both structure and function from infancy through early childhood, and this significantly influences cognitive and behavioral development in later life. A newly emerging research framework, developmental connectomics, provides unprecedented opportunities for exploring the developing brain through non-invasive mapping of structural and functional connectivity patterns. Within this framework, we review recent neuroimaging and neurophysiological studies investigating connectome development from 20 postmenstrual weeks to 5 years of age. Specifically, we highlight five fundamental principles of brain network development during the critical first years of life, emphasizing strengthened segregation/integration balance, a remarkable hierarchical order from primary to higher-order regions, unparalleled structural and functional maturations, substantial individual variability, and high vulnerability to risk factors and developmental disorders.

中文翻译：

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从婴儿期到幼儿期的发育连接组学

从婴儿期到幼儿期，人类大脑的结构和功能都在快速发展，这对以后的认知和行为发展产生显着影响。新兴的研究框架——发育连接组学，通过结构和功能连接模式的非侵入性绘图，为探索发育中的大脑提供了前所未有的机会。在此框架内，我们回顾了最近的神经影像学和神经生理学研究，这些研究调查了从月经后 20 周到 5 岁时的连接组发育。具体来说，我们强调了生命关键第一年大脑网络发展的五个基本原则，强调加强分离/整合平衡、从初级到高级区域的显着层次顺序、无与伦比的结构和功能成熟、显着的个体变异性和高度的个体差异。容易受到危险因素和发育障碍的影响。