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Retinal oxygen: from animals to humans
Progress in Retinal and Eye Research ( IF 17.8 ) Pub Date : 2017-01-18 , DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2017.01.003
Robert A. Linsenmeier , Hao F. Zhang

This article discusses retinal oxygenation and retinal metabolism by focusing on measurements made with two of the principal methods used to study O2 in the retina: measurements of PO2 with oxygen-sensitive microelectrodes in vivo in animals with a retinal circulation similar to that of humans, and oximetry, which can be used non-invasively in both animals and humans to measure O2 concentration in retinal vessels. Microelectrodes uniquely have high spatial resolution, allowing the mapping of PO2 in detail, and when combined with mathematical models of diffusion and consumption, they provide information about retinal metabolism. Mathematical models, grounded in experiments, can also be used to simulate situations that are not amenable to experimental study. New methods of oximetry, particularly photoacoustic ophthalmoscopy and visible light optical coherence tomography, provide depth-resolved methods that can separate signals from blood vessels and surrounding tissues, and can be combined with blood flow measures to determine metabolic rate. We discuss the effects on retinal oxygenation of illumination, hypoxia and hyperoxia, and describe retinal oxygenation in diabetes, retinal detachment, arterial occlusion, and macular degeneration. We explain how the metabolic measurements obtained from microelectrodes and imaging are different, and how they need to be brought together in the future. Finally, we argue for revisiting the clinical use of hyperoxia in ophthalmology, particularly in retinal arterial occlusions and retinal detachment, based on animal research and diffusion theory.



中文翻译:

视网膜氧:从动物到人类

本文通过重点研究用两种用于研究视网膜中O 2的主要方法进行的测量来讨论视网膜的氧合和视网膜代谢:在具有与人类相似的视网膜循环的动物体内用氧敏感的微电极对PO 2的测量和血氧测定法,可以在动物和人类中无创地使用它们来测量视网膜血管中的O 2浓度。微电极独特地具有高空间分辨率,可以绘制PO 2详细地,并且当与扩散和消耗的数学模型结合时,它们提供了有关视网膜代谢的信息。建立在实验基础上的数学模型也可以用于模拟不适合实验研究的情况。血氧测定法的新方法,特别是光声检眼镜法和可见光光学相干断层扫描技术,提供了深度分辨方法,可以将信号从血管和周围组织中分离出来,并且可以与血流测量相结合以确定代谢率。我们讨论了照明,缺氧和高氧对视网膜氧合的影响,并描述了糖尿病,视网膜脱离,动脉闭塞和黄斑变性中的视网膜氧合。我们解释了从微电极和成像获得的代谢测量值是如何不同的,以及将来如何将它们组合在一起。最后,基于动物研究和扩散理论,我们主张重新探讨高氧血症在眼科方面的临床应用,尤其是在视网膜动脉闭塞和视网膜脱离方面。

更新日期:2017-01-18
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