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The ranking of fungi: a tribute to David L. Hawksworth on his 70th birthday
Fungal Diversity ( IF 20.3 ) Pub Date : 2017-06-15 , DOI: 10.1007/s13225-017-0383-3
Kevin D. Hyde , Sajeewa S. N. Maharachchikumbura , Sinang Hongsanan , Milan C. Samarakoon , Robert Lücking , Dhandevi Pem , Dulanjalee Harishchandra , Rajesh Jeewon , Rui-Lin Zhao , Jian-Chu Xu , Jian-Kui Liu , Abdullah M. Al-Sadi , Ali H. Bahkali , Abdallah M. Elgorban

The history of assigning ranks to fungi, as well as the relative importance of using divergence time estimates is reviewed. The paper pays tribute to the major mycological players, and especially to David Hawksworth on his 70th birthday and his contribution to fungal ranking in Systema Ascomycetum from 1982 to 1998. Following the conclusion of the latter series, the ranking continued with the Outlines of Ascomycota in 2007 and 2010 and more recently with specific classes in ‘Towards an outline of Sordariomycetes’ and ‘Families of Dothideomycetes’. Earlier classifications based on phenotype were certainly more subjective; however, remarkably many of these old arrangements have stood the test of time. More recently, phylogenetic analyses have provided evidence towards a natural classification, resulting in significant changes in many lineages. The classification arrangements however, are still subjective and dependent on the taxa analysed, resulting in different taxonomic interpretations and schemes, particularly when it comes to ranking. Thus, what have been considered as genera by some, have been introduced as families by others. More recently, estimation of divergence times using molecular clock methods have been used as objective evidence for higher ranking of taxa. A divergence period (i.e. 200–300 MYA) can be used as a criterion to infer when a group of related taxa evolved and what rank they should be given. We compiled data on divergence times for various higher ranking taxa in the Kingdom Fungi. The kingdom evolved 1000–1600 MYA (Stenian–Calymmian), while the presently accepted phyla evolved between 358 and 541 MYA (Devonian–Cambrian). Divergence times for subphyla are generally between 358 and 485 MYA (Devonian–Ordovician), those of classes 145–358 MYA (Jurassic–Carboniferous), subclasses 66–358 MYA (Cretaceous–Carboniferous), orders 23–252 MYA (Paleogene–Triassic), families 2.8–145 MYA (Neogene–Cretaceous), and genera 2.8–66 MYA (Neogene–Paleogene). Thus, there are wide discrepancies in the times different taxa diverged. We provide an overview over Ascomycota, showing how application of temporal banding could affect the recognition of higher taxa at certain rank levels. We then use Sordariomycetes as an example where we use divergence times to provide additional evidence to stabilize ranking of taxa below class level. We propose a series of evolutionary periods that could be used as a guide to determine the various higher ranks of fungi: phyla >550 MYA, subphyla 400–550 MYA; classes 300–400 MYA; subclasses 250–300 MYA, orders 150–250 MYA, and families 50–150 MYA. It is proposed that classification schemes and ranking of taxa should, where possible, incorporate a polyphasic approach including phylogeny, phenotype, and estimate of divergence times.

中文翻译:

真菌排名:致敬大卫·霍克斯沃思(David L. Hawksworth)70岁生日

审查了为真菌分配等级的历史,以及使用发散时间估计的相对重要性。该论文向主要的真菌学专家致敬,尤其是对大卫·霍克斯沃思(David Hawksworth)诞辰70周年以及1982年至1998年对Systema Ascomycetum真菌等级的贡献。继后一系列的总结之后,该等级随着《Ascomycota纲要》而继续在2007年和2010年,最近又在“迈向拟南芥的概述”和“倒钩菌的家庭”中开设了特定的班级。早期基于表型的分类肯定是比较主观的。但是,这些旧安排中的许多显然经受了时间的考验。最近,系统发育分析为自然分类提供了证据,从而导致许多谱系发生重大变化。但是,分类安排仍然是主观的,并且取决于所分析的分类单元,从而导致不同的分类学解释和方案,尤其是在排名方面。因此,被某些人视为属的东西已被其他人作为家庭引入。最近,使用分子钟法估计发散时间已被用作客观证据,以更高的分类单元排名。分歧期(即200-300 MYA)可以用作推断一组相关分类群何时演化以及应给予何种等级的标准。我们汇总了王国真菌中各种较高等级的分类单元的发散时间数据。王国进化了1000-1600 MYA(斯泰宁-加里米尼亚),而目前公认的门系则在358至541 MYA(德文-寒武纪)之间演化。亚种类的发散时间通常在358至485 MYA(德文-奥陶纪)之间,145-358 MYA(侏罗纪-石炭纪),66-358 MYA(白垩纪-石炭纪),23-252 MYA(古生代-三叠纪) ),2.8-145 MYA(新近纪-白垩纪)和2.8-66 MYA(新近纪-古近纪)。因此,不同类别的时间差异很大。我们提供了对子囊菌的概述,显示了时间带的应用如何影响某些等级的较高分类群的识别。然后,我们以Sordariomycetes为例,其中我们使用分歧时间来提供其他证据,以将分类单元的排名稳定在类级别以下。我们提出了一系列的进化时期,可以作为确定各种较高等级真菌的指导:菌群> 550 MYA,菌群400-550 MYA;菌群> 550 MYA。300-400 MYA课程;子类别为250-300 MYA,订单为150-250 MYA,家庭为50-150 MYA。建议分类方案和分类单元的等级在可能的情况下应采用多相方法,包括系统发育,表型和发散时间估计。我们提供了对子囊菌的概述,显示了时间带的应用如何影响某些等级的较高分类群的识别。然后,我们以Sordariomycetes为例,其中使用分歧时间来提供其他证据,以将分类单元的等级稳定在等级以下。我们提出了一系列的进化时期,可以作为确定各种较高等级真菌的指导:菌群> 550 MYA,菌群400-550 MYA;菌群> 550 MYA。300-400 MYA课程;子类别为250–300 MYA,订单为150–250 MYA,家庭为50–150 MYA。建议分类方案和分类单元的等级在可能的情况下应采用多相方法,包括系统发育,表型和发散时间估计。我们提供了对子囊菌的概述,显示了时间带的应用如何影响某些等级的较高分类群的识别。然后,我们以Sordariomycetes为例,其中我们使用分歧时间来提供其他证据,以将分类单元的排名稳定在类级别以下。我们提出了一系列的进化时期,可以作为确定各种较高等级真菌的指导:菌群> 550 MYA,菌群400-550 MYA;菌群> 550 MYA。300-400 MYA课程;子类别为250–300 MYA,订单为150–250 MYA,家庭为50–150 MYA。建议分类方案和分类单元的等级在可能的情况下应采用多相方法,包括系统发育,表型和发散时间估计。展示了在某些等级级别上,时间带的应用如何影响较高分类单元的识别。然后,我们以Sordariomycetes为例,其中我们使用分歧时间来提供其他证据,以将分类单元的排名稳定在类级别以下。我们提出了一系列的进化时期,可以作为确定各种较高等级真菌的指导:菌群> 550 MYA,菌群400-550 MYA;菌群> 550 MYA。300-400 MYA课程;子类别为250-300 MYA,订单为150-250 MYA,家庭为50-150 MYA。建议分类方案和分类单元的等级在可能的情况下应采用多相方法,包括系统发育,表型和发散时间估计。展示了在某些等级级别上,时间带的应用如何影响较高分类单元的识别。然后,我们以Sordariomycetes为例,其中使用分歧时间来提供其他证据,以将分类单元的等级稳定在等级以下。我们提出了一系列的进化时期,可以作为确定各种较高等级真菌的指导:菌群> 550 MYA,菌群400-550 MYA;菌群> 550 MYA。300-400 MYA课程;子类别为250–300 MYA,订单为150–250 MYA,家庭为50–150 MYA。建议分类方案和分类单元的等级在可能的情况下应采用多相方法,包括系统发育,表型和发散时间估计。然后,我们以Sordariomycetes为例,其中我们使用分歧时间来提供其他证据,以将分类单元的排名稳定在类级别以下。我们提出了一系列的进化时期,可以作为确定各种较高等级真菌的指导:菌群> 550 MYA,菌群400-550 MYA;菌群> 550 MYA。300-400 MYA课程;子类别为250–300 MYA,订单为150–250 MYA,家庭为50–150 MYA。建议分类方案和分类单元的等级在可能的情况下应采用多相方法,包括系统发育,表型和发散时间估计。然后,我们以Sordariomycetes为例,其中我们使用分歧时间来提供其他证据,以将分类单元的排名稳定在类级别以下。我们提出了一系列的进化时期,可以作为确定各种较高等级真菌的指导:菌群> 550 MYA,菌群400-550 MYA;菌群> 550 MYA。300-400 MYA课程;子类别为250–300 MYA,订单为150–250 MYA,家庭为50–150 MYA。建议分类方案和分类单元的等级在可能的情况下应采用多相方法,包括系统发育,表型和发散时间估计。和50-150 MYA的家庭。建议分类方案和分类单元的等级在可能的情况下应采用多相方法,包括系统发育,表型和发散时间估计。和50-150 MYA的家庭。建议分类方案和分类单元的等级在可能的情况下应采用多相方法,包括系统发育,表型和发散时间估计。
更新日期:2017-06-15
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