Abstract The RDX, HMX, and AP are currently the most widely used energetic ingredients in composite solid propellants, since the newly developed energetic compounds are still unable to replace them due to various bottleneck technical problems. In order to improve their combustion efficiency and performance, a common alternative way is to utilize novel nano-sized energetic additives. There are a great many nanomaterials that have been developed in the past decades, which include nanometal particles, metal oxides, metal salts, metallic composites, organometallic compounds, energetic nanocatalysts, and carbon nanomaterials. These additives could increase both the decomposition and the burning rate as well as enhance the combustion efficiency of the corresponding solid propellants by changing the thermal conductivity, energy barrier of thermolysis, heat of reaction, and gas-phase reaction mechanisms of the main ingredients such as RDX, HMX, and AP. This review paper discusses and summarizes the effects of abovementioned nano additives on decomposition kinetics, reaction models, decomposition mechanisms and burning rates, pressure exponents, combustion wave structures, and flame propagation of RDX-, HMX-, and AP-based energetic compositions. The catalytic mechanisms associated with different types of nanomaterials are explained and clarified. Owing to their extremely large specific surface areas, nano-sized energetic additives have significant catalytic effects in both condensed and gas phases during decomposition and subsequent combustion via activation of the reactants and acceleration of their transition state formations. The flame structures of AP-based composite propellants under the effect of some nanoadditives are presented showing the enhanced burning characteristics and stabilized combustion process.

中文翻译：

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纳米添加剂对RDX-、HMX-和AP-基含能组合物分解和燃烧的催化作用

摘要 RDX、HMX和AP是目前复合固体推进剂中应用最广泛的含能成分，新开发的含能化合物由于各种瓶颈技术问题仍无法替代。为了提高它们的燃烧效率和性能，一种常见的替代方法是利用新型纳米级高能添加剂。在过去的几十年里，已经开发了许多纳米材料，包括纳米金属颗粒、金属氧化物、金属盐、金属复合材料、有机金属化合物、高能纳米催化剂和碳纳米材料。这些添加剂可以通过改变热导率、热解能垒、RDX、HMX、AP等主要成分的反应热和气相反应机理。本综述论文讨论并总结了上述纳米添加剂对 RDX、HMX 和 AP 基含能组合物的分解动力学、反应模型、分解机制和燃烧速率、压力指数、燃烧波结构和火焰传播的影响。解释和阐明了与不同类型纳米材料相关的催化机制。由于其极大的比表面积，纳米级高能添加剂在分解和随后的燃烧过程中，通过反应物的活化和过渡态形成的加速，在凝聚态和气相中都具有显着的催化作用。