Abstract Electrochemical energy storage (EES) devices, such as lithium-ion batteries and supercapacitors, are emerging as primary power sources for global efforts to shift energy dependence from limited fossil fuels towards sustainable and renewable resources. These EES devices, while renowned for their high energy or power densities, portability, and long cycle life, are still facing significant performance hindrance due to manufacturing limitations. One major obstacle is the ability to engineer macroscopic components with designed and highly resolved nanostructures with optimal performance, via controllable and scalable manufacturing techniques. 3D printing covers several additive manufacturing methods that enable well-controlled creation of functional nanomaterials with three-dimensional architectures, representing a promising approach for fabrication of next-generation EES devices with high performance. In this review, we summarize recent progress in fabricating 3D functional electrodes utilizing 3D printing-based methodologies for EES devices. Specifically, laser-, lithography-, electrodeposition-, and extrusion-based 3D printing techniques are described and exemplified with examples from the literatures. Current challenges and future opportunities for functional materials fabrication via 3D printing techniques are also discussed.

中文翻译：

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用于电化学储能的3D打印功能纳米材料

摘要 锂离子电池和超级电容器等电化学储能 (EES) 设备正在成为全球努力将能源依赖从有限的化石燃料转向可持续和可再生资源的主要动力来源。这些 EES 设备虽然以其高能量或功率密度、便携性和长循环寿命而闻名，但由于制造限制，仍然面临着重大的性能障碍。一个主要障碍是通过可控和可扩展的制造技术设计具有最佳性能的设计和高分辨率纳米结构的宏观组件的能力。3D 打印涵盖了几种增材制造方法，可以很好地控制创建具有 3D 结构的功能性纳米材料，代表了一种有前途的制造具有高性能的下一代 EES 设备的方法。在这篇综述中，我们总结了利用基于 3D 打印的 EES 设备方法制造 3D 功能电极的最新进展。具体来说，描述了基于激光、光刻、电沉积和挤压的 3D 打印技术，并举例说明了文献中的示例。还讨论了通过 3D 打印技术制造功能材料的当前挑战和未来机遇。描述了基于挤出的 3D 打印技术，并举例说明了文献中的示例。还讨论了通过 3D 打印技术制造功能材料的当前挑战和未来机遇。描述了基于挤出的 3D 打印技术，并举例说明了文献中的示例。还讨论了通过 3D 打印技术制造功能材料的当前挑战和未来机遇。