Two-component systems are a dominant form of bacterial signal transduction. The prototypical two-component system consists of a sensor that responds to a specific input(s) by modifying the output of a cognate regulator. Because the output of a two-component system is the amount of phosphorylated regulator, feedback mechanisms may alter the amount of regulator, and/or modify the ability of a sensor or other proteins to alter the phosphorylation state of the regulator. Two-component systems may display intrinsic feedback whereby the amount of phosphorylated regulator changes under constant inducing conditions and without the participation of additional proteins. Feedback control allows a two-component system to achieve particular steady-state levels, to reach a given steady state with distinct dynamics, to express coregulated genes in a given order, and to activate a regulator to different extents, depending on the signal acting on the sensor.

中文翻译：

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两组分调节系统的反馈控制

两组分系统是细菌信号转导的主要形式。典型的两部分系统由一个传感器组成，该传感器通过修改相关调节器的输出来响应特定的输入。因为两组分系统的输出是磷酸化调节剂的量，所以反馈机制可以改变调节剂的量，和/或改变传感器或其他蛋白质改变调节剂的磷酸化状态的能力。两组分系统可能会显示出内在的反馈，从而使磷酸化调节剂的量在恒定的诱导条件下发生变化，而没有其他蛋白质的参与。反馈控制允许两组分系统达到特定的稳态水平，以不同的动力学达到给定的稳态，以给定的顺序表达有核基因，