Advances in nanoparticle synthesis and engineering have produced nanoscale agents affording both therapeutic and diagnostic functions that are often referred to by the portmanteau ‘nanotheranostics’. The field is associated with many applications in the clinic, especially in cancer management. These include patient stratification, drug-release monitoring, imaging-guided focal therapy and post-treatment response monitoring. Recent advances in nanotheranostics have expanded this notion and enabled the characterization of individual tumours, the prediction of nanoparticle–tumour interactions, and the creation of tailor-designed nanomedicines for individualized treatment. Some of these applications require breaking the dogma that a nanotheranostic must combine both therapeutic and diagnostic agents within a single, physical entity; instead, it can be a general approach in which diagnosis and therapy are interwoven to solve clinical issues and improve treatment outcomes. In this Review, we describe the evolution and state of the art of cancer nanotheranostics, with an emphasis on clinical impact and translation.

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重新思考癌症纳米治疗

纳米颗粒合成和工程学的进步已经产生了具有治疗和诊断功能的纳米级制剂，通常被Portmanteau的“纳米治疗学”所指。该领域与临床中的许多应用相关，尤其是在癌症管理中。这些措施包括患者分层，药物释放监测，影像引导的局部治疗和治疗后反应监测。纳米治疗学的最新进展扩展了这一概念，并使得能够表征单个肿瘤，预测纳米颗粒与肿瘤的相互作用以及创建用于个体化治疗的量身设计的纳米药物。这些应用中的某些要求打破纳米化学必须在单个物理实体中结合治疗剂和诊断剂的教条。反而，它可以是诊断和治疗相结合以解决临床问题和改善治疗结果的通用方法。在本综述中，我们描述了癌症纳米治疗学的发展和技术水平，重点是临床影响和翻译。