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Effect-based evaluation of water quality in a system of indirect reuse of wastewater for drinking water production
Water Research ( IF 12.8 ) Pub Date : 2023-05-31 , DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120147
Frieberg Kim 1 , Gago-Ferrero Pablo 2 , Bijlsma Lubertus 3 , Ahrens Lutz 4 , Wiberg Karin 4 , Hernández Félix 3 , Oskarsson Agneta 1 , Lundqvist Johan 1
Affiliation  

Indirect potable reuse of wastewater is a practice that is gaining attention, aiming to increase freshwater supplies to meet water scarcity. However, reusing effluent wastewater for drinking water production comes with a paired risk of adverse health effects, due to the potential presence of pathogenic microorganisms and hazardous micropollutants. Disinfection is an established method to reduce microbial hazards in drinking water, but it has been associated with formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs). In this study, we performed an effect-based assessment of chemical hazards in a system wherein a full-scale trial of disinfection by chlorination, of the treated wastewater was performed prior discharge to the reciepient river. The presence of bioactive pollutants was assessed along the entire treatment system, starting from incoming wastewater to finished drinking water at seven sites in and around the Llobregat River in Barcelona, Spain. Samples were collected in two campaigns, with and without applied chlorination treatment (13 mg Cl2/L) to the effluent wastewater. The water samples were analysed for cell viability, oxidative stress response (Nrf2 activity), estrogenicity, androgenicity, aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) activity and activation of NFĸB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells) signaling using stably transfected mammalian cell lines. Nrf2 activity, estrogen receptor activation and AhR activation was detected in all investigated samples. Overall, removal efficiencies were high in both wastewater treatment and drinking water treatment samples for most of the studied endpoints. No increase in oxidative stress (Nrf2 activity) could be attributed to the additional chlorination treatment of the effluent wastewater. However, we found an increase in AhR activity and a reduction of ER agonistic activity after chlorination treatment of effluent wastewater. The bioactivity detected in finished drinking water was considerably lower compared to what was found in effluent wastewater. We could thus conclude that indirect reuse of treated wastewater for drinking water production can be possible without compromising drinking water quality. This study contributed important knowledge in efforts to increase the reuse of treated wastewater as a source for drinking water production.



中文翻译:

基于效果的饮用水生产废水间接回用系统中的水质评价

废水的间接饮用水再利用是一种越来越受到关注的做法,旨在增加淡水供应以满足水资源短缺问题。然而,由于可能存在病原微生物和有害的微污染物,将废水重新用于饮用水生产会带来对健康产生不利影响的双重风险。消毒是减少饮用水中微生物危害的既定方法,但它与消毒副产物 (DBP) 的形成有关。在这项研究中,我们对系统中的化学危害进行了基于效果的评估,其中在将处理后的废水排放到受纳河流之前对经过氯化的消毒进行了全面的试验。在西班牙巴塞罗那约布雷加特河及其周边的七个地点,从进水废水到成品饮用水,对整个处理系统中生物活性污染物的存在进行了评估。在两次活动中收集了样品,分别对废水进行和未进行氯化处理(13 mg Cl 2 /L)。使用稳定的方法分析水样的细胞活力、氧化应激反应(Nrf2 活性)、雌激素性、雄激素性、芳烃受体 (AhR) 活性和 NFĸB(激活 B 细胞的核因子 kappa 轻链增强子)信号传导激活情况。转染的哺乳动物细胞系。在所有研究样本中均检测到 Nrf2 活性、雌激素受体激活和 AhR 激活。总体而言,对于大多数研究终点,废水处理和饮用水处理样品的去除效率都很高。对排出废水进行额外的氯化处理不会导致氧化应激(Nrf2 活性)的增加。然而,我们发现对废水进行氯化处理后,AhR 活性增加,ER 激动活性降低。与废水中检测到的生物活性相比,成品饮用水中检测到的生物活性要低得多。因此,我们可以得出结论,在不影响饮用水质量的情况下,间接回用处理后的废水来生产饮用水是可能的。这项研究为增加经处理废水的再利用作为饮用水生产来源提供了重要的知识。

更新日期:2023-05-31
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