Pyrethroids are among the most applied adulticides worldwide to control mosquito vectors for prevention of arboviral diseases transmission. However, pesticide resistance development in a mosquito population could lead to decreased control efficacy. While most studies investigate the resistant genotype (i.e. kdr, CYP450, etc.) as explanatory variables, few field efficacy studies have measured pesticide quantities deposited at different distances from the sprayer in association with observed mosquito mortality. The current study determined field delivered amounts of an applied ULV permethrin/PBO formulation (31% permethrin + 66% piperonyl butoxide) by GC/MS and estimated practical resistance ratios using caged mosquito females.

中文翻译：

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通过现场生物测定中 ULV 氯菊酯/PBO 制剂的定量来评价田间采集的致倦库蚊的田间抗性

拟除虫菊酯是全世界最常用的杀成虫剂之一，用于控制蚊媒以预防虫媒病毒疾病的传播。然而，蚊子种群中农药抗药性的发展可能会导致控制效果下降。虽然大多数研究将抗性基因型（即kdr、CYP450等）作为解释变量进行调查，但很少有现场药效研究测量了距喷雾器不同距离沉积的农药数量与观察到的蚊子死亡率之间的关系。目前的研究通过 GC/MS 确定了 ULV 氯菊酯/PBO 制剂（31% 氯菊酯 + 66% 胡椒基丁醚）的现场输送量，并使用笼中雌性蚊子估计了实际耐药率。