Background

Repeated-sprint training (RST) involves maximal-effort, short-duration sprints (≤ 10 s) interspersed with brief recovery periods (≤ 60 s). Knowledge about the acute demands of RST and the influence of programming variables has implications for training prescription.

Objectives

To investigate the physiological, neuromuscular, perceptual and performance demands of RST, while also examining the moderating effects of programming variables (sprint modality, number of repetitions per set, sprint repetition distance, inter-repetition rest modality and inter-repetition rest duration) on these outcomes.

Methods

The databases Pubmed, SPORTDiscus, MEDLINE and Scopus were searched for original research articles investigating overground running RST in team sport athletes ≥ 16 years. Eligible data were analysed using multi-level mixed effects meta-analysis, with meta-regression performed on outcomes with ~ 50 samples (10 per moderator) to examine the influence of programming factors. Effects were evaluated based on coverage of their confidence (compatibility) limits (CL) against elected thresholds of practical importance.

Results

From 908 data samples nested within 176 studies eligible for meta-analysis, the pooled effects (± 90% CL) of RST were as follows: average heart rate (HR_avg) of 163 ± 9 bpm, peak heart rate (HR_peak) of 182 ± 3 bpm, average oxygen consumption of 42.4 ± 10.1 mL·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹, end-set blood lactate concentration (B[La]) of 10.7 ± 0.6 mmol·L⁻¹, deciMax session ratings of perceived exertion (sRPE) of 6.5 ± 0.5 au, average sprint time (S_avg) of 5.57 ± 0.26 s, best sprint time (S_best) of 5.52 ± 0.27 s and percentage sprint decrement (S_dec) of 5.0 ± 0.3%. When compared with a reference protocol of 6 × 30 m straight-line sprints with 20 s passive inter-repetition rest, shuttle-based sprints were associated with a substantial increase in repetition time (S_avg: 1.42 ± 0.11 s, S_best: 1.55 ± 0.13 s), whereas the effect on sRPE was trivial (0.6 ± 0.9 au). Performing two more repetitions per set had a trivial effect on HR_peak (0.8 ± 1.0 bpm), B[La] (0.3 ± 0.2 mmol·L⁻¹), sRPE (0.2 ± 0.2 au), S_avg (0.01 ± 0.03) and S_dec (0.4; ± 0.2%). Sprinting 10 m further per repetition was associated with a substantial increase in B[La] (2.7; ± 0.7 mmol·L⁻¹) and S_dec (1.7 ± 0.4%), whereas the effect on sRPE was trivial (0.7 ± 0.6). Resting for 10 s longer between repetitions was associated with a substantial reduction in B[La] (−1.1 ± 0.5 mmol·L⁻¹), S_avg (−0.09 ± 0.06 s) and S_dec (−1.4 ± 0.4%), while the effects on HR_peak (−0.7 ± 1.8 bpm) and sRPE (−0.5 ± 0.5 au) were trivial. All other moderating effects were compatible with both trivial and substantial effects [i.e. equal coverage of the confidence interval (CI) across a trivial and a substantial region in only one direction], or inconclusive (i.e. the CI spanned across substantial and trivial regions in both positive and negative directions).

Conclusions

The physiological, neuromuscular, perceptual and performance demands of RST are substantial, with some of these outcomes moderated by the manipulation of programming variables. To amplify physiological demands and performance decrement, longer sprint distances (> 30 m) and shorter, inter-repetition rest (≤ 20 s) are recommended. Alternatively, to mitigate fatigue and enhance acute sprint performance, shorter sprint distances (e.g. 15–25 m) with longer, passive inter-repetition rest (≥ 30 s) are recommended.

中文翻译：

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重复冲刺训练对团队运动运动员的生理、神经肌肉、感知和表现结果的迫切需求：系统回顾和荟萃分析

背景

重复冲刺训练 (RST) 包括尽最大努力、短时间冲刺 (≤ 10 秒) 和短暂的恢复期 (≤ 60 秒)。了解 RST 的迫切需求以及编程变量的影响对于训练处方具有重要意义。

目标

研究 RST 的生理、神经肌肉、感知和表现需求，同时检查编程变量（冲刺模式、每组重复次数、冲刺重复距离、重复间休息模式和重复间休息持续时间）对这些结果。

方法

在数据库 Pubmed、SPORTDiscus、MEDLINE 和 Scopus 中搜索了调查 16 岁以上团队运动运动员的地面跑步 RST 的原始研究文章。使用多级混合效应荟萃分析对合格数据进行分析，并对约 50 个样本（每个主持人 10 个）的结果进行荟萃回归，以检查编程因素的影响。根据其置信（兼容性）限制（CL）与选定的实际重要性阈值的覆盖范围来评估效果。

结果

从符合荟萃分析条件的 176 项研究中嵌套的 908 个数据样本中，RST 的汇总效应 (± 90% CL) 如下：平均心率 (HR avg ) 为 163 ± 9 bpm，峰值心率 ( _HR Peak ₎为182 ± 3 bpm，平均耗氧量 42.4 ± 10.1 mL·kg ⁻¹ ·min ⁻¹，最终血乳酸浓度 (B[La]) 10.7 ± 0.6 mmol·L ⁻¹，感知运动的 deciMax 会话评级(sRPE) 为 6.5 ± 0.5 au，平均冲刺时间 ( S _avg ) 为 5.57 ± 0.26 秒，最佳冲刺时间 ( S _best ) 为 5.52 ± 0.27 秒，冲刺衰减百分比 ( S _dec ) 为 5.0 ± 0.3%。与 6 × 30 m 直线冲刺和 20 s 被动重复间休息的参考方案相比，穿梭冲刺与重复时间的大幅增加相关（S 平均：1.42 ± 0.11 s _， S最佳_： 1.55 ± 0.13 s)，而对 sRPE 的影响微不足道 (0.6 ± 0.9 au)。每组再进行两次重复对 HR_峰值(0.8 ± 1.0 bpm)、B[La] (0.3 ± 0.2 mmol·L ^-1 )、sRPE (0.2 ± 0.2 au)、S _avg (0.01 ± 0.03)产生微不足道的影响和S _dec（0.4；±0.2%）。^{每次重复冲刺 10 m 与 B[La] (2.7; ± 0.7 mmol·L -1} ) 和S _dec (1.7 ± 0.4%)的大幅增加相关，而对 sRPE 的影响微不足道 (0.7 ± 0.6) 。^{重复之间休息时间延长 10 秒与 B[La] (−1.1 ± 0.5 mmol·L −1} )、S _avg (−0.09 ± 0.06 s) 和S _dec (−1.4 ± 0.4%) 的大幅减少相关，而对 HR_峰值(−0.7 ± 1.8 bpm) 和 sRPE (−0.5 ± 0.5 au)的影响微不足道。所有其他调节效应均与琐碎效应和实质性效应兼容[即仅在一个方向上对琐碎区域和实质性区域的置信区间 (CI) 进行相等覆盖]，或不确定（即 CI 跨越两个方向的实质性区域和琐碎区域）正方向和负方向）。

结论

RST 对生理、神经肌肉、感知和性能的要求很高，其中一些结果是通过编程变量的操纵来调节的。为了扩大生理需求和性能下降，建议较长的冲刺距离（> 30 m）和较短的重复间休息（≤ 20 s）。或者，为了减轻疲劳并提高急性冲刺表现，建议较短的冲刺距离（例如 15-25 m）和较长的被动重复间休息（≥ 30 s）。