This stud investigated the chronology of heterogeneous, multilayered, and overlapped architectures by combining experiments with computer simulations of thermoluminescence (TL) dating. We proposed a heterogeneous and multilayered model based on the cylindrical configuration for both excavated and buried status. The obtained results indicated that our model was able to determine the chronology of architectures having multilayered and overlapped structures, which differs from those obtained using the conventional spherical and homogeneous model from ten to several hundred years. Our proposed model also explicitly exhibited the significant contributions of excavation, destruction, and radiation shielding to the accurate determination of chronology. Application of the proposed model to the Oc Eo archaeological site in Vietnam suggested that the actual chronologies of four investigated architectures should be around AD 615–953, whereas the homogeneous model predicted their chronologies of about one to several decades older. In particular, our study provided the first scientific evidence for the formation of an overlapped architecture in an architectural assembly at the Oc Eo site, namely there was an (older) architecture constructed around AD 794 and lasted for about 159 years before being destroyed, probably by the kingdom's historical upheavals. Since then, another (younger) architecture was built on top of the older one's foundation. Our findings, which are also in good agreement with the radiocarbon dating using accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS), are crucial for archaeology as they provide solid evidences for the historical argumentations associated to the mysterious ancient Funan kingdom that spread across many countries in Southeast Asia, including Southern Vietnam. They also open a new research approach towards re-dating the chronologies of controversial complex architectures, which can change our understanding on the history of many nations in the world.

该研究人员通过将实验与热释光 (TL) 测年的计算机模拟相结合，研究了异质、多层和重叠结构的年代。我们针对开挖和埋藏状态提出了一个基于圆柱形配置的异构多层模型。获得的结果表明，我们的模型能够确定具有多层和重叠结构的建筑的年代，这与使用传统球形和均匀模型获得的年代不同，从十年到几百年不等。我们提出的模型还明确展示了挖掘、破坏和辐射屏蔽对准确确定年代学的重要贡献。将所提出的模型应用于越南的 Oc Eo 考古遗址表明，四个调查建筑的实际年代应该在公元 615-953 年左右，而同质模型预测它们的年代大约早一到几十年。特别是，我们的研究为 Oc Eo 遗址的建筑组合中重叠建筑的形成提供了第一个科学证据，即在公元 794 年左右建造了一座（较旧的）建筑，并在被摧毁之前持续了大约 159 年，可能由于王国的历史动荡。从那时起，另一个（较新的）架构建立在旧架构的基础上。我们的发现也与使用加速器质谱法 (AMS) 进行的放射性碳年代测定非常一致，对于考古学来说至关重要，因为它们为与神秘的古代扶南王国相关的历史论证提供了确凿的证据，该王国遍布东南亚许多国家，包括越南南部。他们还开辟了一种新的研究方法来重新确定有争议的复杂建筑的年代，这可以改变我们对世界上许多国家历史的理解。