This study examines the creation of Black communities in the context of the Exoduster movement, the first major migration of African Americans out of the southern and border states. We focus initially on Nicodemus, Kansas, a site with well-preserved archival information, and then turn to census microdata on roughly three-hundred African-American communities that emerged in Kansas, Colorado, and Oklahoma between 1880 and 1920. Analysis of these communities informs a general model of minority-majority group relations that is differentiated along two dimensions: spatial segregation and the distinctiveness of business activities. Under conditions of prejudice from the majority ethno-racial group, the model predicts that rates of minority business proprietorship and community growth will increase with segregation and distinctiveness, but that the joint occurrence of these conditions presents an existential threat. We draw conclusions for the trajectories of several well-known Black communities, including Nicodemus, Tulsa, and Langston, Oklahoma.

中文翻译：

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Exoduster 企业家：少数族裔社区的独特性和隔离

本研究考察了 Exoduster 运动背景下黑人社区的创建，Exoduster 运动是非洲裔美国人第一次从南部和边境各州大规模迁移。我们最初关注堪萨斯州尼哥底母，这是一个保存完好的档案信息的网站，然后转向 1880 年至 1920 年间在堪萨斯州、科罗拉多州和俄克拉荷马州出现的大约 300 个非裔美国人社区的人口普查微观数据。对这些社区的分析为少数群体与多数群体关系的一般模型提供信息，该模型在两个维度上有所区别：空间隔离和商业活动的独特性。在大多数民族种族群体存在偏见的情况下，该模型预测少数族裔企业所有权和社区增长的比率将随着隔离和独特性而增加，但这些条件的共同发生会带来生存威胁。我们对几个著名的黑人社区的发展轨迹得出结论，包括尼哥底母、塔尔萨和俄克拉荷马州的兰斯顿。