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Competing multinationals’ backshoring decisions: Tax arbitrage versus production reliability tradeoff
European Journal of Operational Research ( IF 6.4 ) Pub Date : 2023-05-07 , DOI: 10.1016/j.ejor.2023.05.008
Hongfu Huang , Yong He , Dong Li , Shanshan Li

In the post-pandemic era, global supply chains are increasingly experiencing disruptions. To mitigate the effects of production disruptions, many multinational firms (MNFs) are centralising their supply chains by removing production subsidiaries back to the domestic countries (i.e. backshoring), at the expense of tax arbitrage benefits. This study conducts an analytical game-theoretical model to examine competing MNFs’ incentives to backshore, considering the trade-off between tax arbitrage and production reliability improvement. The MNFs’ equilibrium backshoring decisions, corresponding production quantities, and transferring prices are derived. We find that lower geographic tax differences and higher foreign country (or lower domestic country) disruption rates will jointly incentivise the MNFs to backshore; however, this does not guarantee higher expected profits for the two competing MNFs. The setting of symmetric MNFs could also result in the asymmetric equilibrium of backshoring strategy when the disruption risks in the same country are more correlated, which is induced by the competition mitigation incentives. Additionally, we find that backshoring always benefits customer surplus but may be detrimental to social welfare. Moreover, we endogenize the tax rate and investigate the government's tax regulation design problem. A main finding is that inducing MNFs’ backshoring by setting low tax rates would be unwise for the government under some conditions. To check the robustness of the main model, several extensions are also discussed.



中文翻译:

跨国公司的回流决策:税收套利与生产可靠性权衡

后疫情时代,全球供应链日益受到干扰。为了减轻生产中断的影响,许多跨国公司(MNF)通过将生产子公司移回国内(即回流)来集中其供应链,但牺牲了税收套利利益。本研究采用分析博弈论模型来检验竞争性跨国公司对后岸的激励,同时考虑税收套利和生产可靠性提高之间的权衡。得出多国国家的均衡回流决策、相应的生产数量和转移价格。我们发现,较低的地域税收差异和较高的外国(或较低的国内)中断率将共同激励跨国公司回流;然而,这并不能保证两个相互竞争的跨国公司获得更高的预期利润。当同一国家的破坏风险更具相关性时,对称多国企业的设置也可能导致回流策略的不对称均衡,这是由竞争缓解激励措施引起的。此外,我们发现回流总是有利于客户剩余,但可能不利于社会福利。此外,我们将税率内生化并考察政府的税收规制设计问题。主要发现是,在某些情况下,通过设定低税率来诱导跨国公司回流对政府来说是不明智的。为了检查主模型的稳健性,还讨论了几种扩展。当同一国家的破坏风险更具相关性时,对称多国企业的设置也可能导致回流策略的不对称均衡,这是由竞争缓解激励措施引起的。此外,我们发现回流总是有利于客户剩余,但可能不利于社会福利。此外,我们将税率内生化并考察政府的税收规制设计问题。主要发现是,在某些情况下,通过设定低税率来诱导跨国公司回流对政府来说是不明智的。为了检查主模型的稳健性,还讨论了几种扩展。当同一国家的破坏风险更具相关性时,对称多国企业的设置也可能导致回流策略的不对称均衡,这是由竞争缓解激励措施引起的。此外,我们发现回流总是有利于客户剩余,但可能不利于社会福利。此外,我们将税率内生化并考察政府的税收规制设计问题。主要发现是,在某些情况下,通过设定低税率来诱导跨国公司回流对政府来说是不明智的。为了检查主模型的稳健性,还讨论了几种扩展。我们发现,回流总是有利于客户剩余,但可能不利于社会福利。此外,我们将税率内生化并考察政府的税收规制设计问题。主要发现是,在某些情况下,通过设定低税率来诱导跨国公司回流对政府来说是不明智的。为了检查主模型的稳健性,还讨论了几种扩展。我们发现,回流总是有利于客户剩余,但可能不利于社会福利。此外,我们将税率内生化并考察政府的税收规制设计问题。主要发现是,在某些情况下,通过设定低税率来诱导跨国公司回流对政府来说是不明智的。为了检查主模型的稳健性,还讨论了几种扩展。

更新日期:2023-05-07
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