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Limits of economic modernization: smuggling versus monopolies in modern Turkey
Middle Eastern Studies ( IF 0.450 ) Pub Date : 2023-04-23 , DOI: 10.1080/00263206.2023.2204429
Murat Metinsoy

Abstract

Monopolies constituted one of the main institutions to control the economy from the Ottoman Empire to the Republic of Turkey. Over time, monopolies’ roles changed from revenue sources for the sultans’ treasuries to assigning foreign debts to debtors, creating a Muslim-Turkish bourgeoisie, structuring property relations by commercializing the economy and finally generating revenues for modernization projects. The new Turkish state also used monopolies to raise funds for its radical modernization and state-building projects. This article examines how low-income consumers, producers and traders coped with monopolies via smuggling during the first two decades of the Republic. It argues that most of what was called smuggling were economic survival methods and the continuation of the practices that had a very long pedigree among low-income people to cope with the high prices of monopoly products due to high taxes and high monopoly profit margins. This article lays out a different interpretation of smuggling as ‘social smuggling’, which lessened the burden of the monopolies over low-income cultivators, traders and consumers. It argues that this informal economy limited the state’s extractive capacity and economic interventionism required for modernization projects.



中文翻译:

经济现代化的局限:现代土耳其的走私与垄断

摘要

从奥斯曼帝国到土耳其共和国,垄断是控制经济的主要机构之一。随着时间的推移,垄断企业的角色从苏丹国库的收入来源转变为将外债分配给债务人、建立穆斯林-土耳其资产阶级、通过经济商业化构建财产关系并最终为现代化项目创造收入。新的土耳其国家还利用垄断为其激进的现代化和国家建设项目筹集资金。本文探讨了共和国头二十年期间低收入消费者、生产者和贸易商如何通过走私应对垄断。它认为,所谓的走私大多是经济生存手段,是低收入人群中源远流长的做法的延续,以应对因高税收和高垄断利润率导致的垄断产品的高价格。本文将走私作为“社会走私”进行了不同的解释,减轻了垄断对低收入种植者、贸易商和消费者的负担。它认为,这种非正规经济限制了现代化项目所需的国家榨取能力和经济干预主义。贸易商和消费者。它认为,这种非正规经济限制了现代化项目所需的国家榨取能力和经济干预主义。贸易商和消费者。它认为,这种非正规经济限制了现代化项目所需的国家榨取能力和经济干预主义。

更新日期:2023-04-24
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