Rhinitis is one of the most prevalent chronic diseases globally. Microbiome exposure affects the occurrence of rhinitis. However, previous studies did not differentiate allergic rhinitis (AR) and non-allergic rhinitis (NAR) in the microbial association analysis. In this study, we investigate 347 students in 8 junior high schools, Terengganu, Malaysia, who were categorized as healthy (70.9%), AR (13.8%) and NAR (15.3%) based on a self-administered questionnaire and skin prick tests of pollen, pet, mould and house dust mite allergens. Classroom microbial and metabolite exposure in vacuumed dust was characterized by PacBio long-read amplicon sequencing, quantitative PCR and LC-MS-based untargeted metabolomics. Our findings indicate a similar microbial association pattern between AR and NAR. The richness in Gammaproteobacteria was negatively associated with AR and NAR symptoms, whereas total fungal richness was positively associated with AR and NAR symptoms (p < 0.05). Brasilonema bromeliae and Aeromonas enteropelogenes were negatively associated with AR and NAR, and Deinococcus was positively associated with AR and NAR (p < 0.01). Pipecolic acid was protectively associated with AR and NAR symptoms (OR = 0.06 and 0.13, p = 0.009 and 0.045). A neural network analysis showed that B. bromeliae was co-occurring with pipecolic acid, suggesting that the protective role of this species may be mediated by releasing pipecolic acid. Indoor relative humidity and the weight of vacuum dust were associated with AR and NAR, respectively (p < 0.05), but the health effects were mediated by two protective bacterial species, Aliinostoc morphoplasticum and Ilumatobacter fluminis. Overall, our study reported a similar microbial association pattern between AR and NAR and also revealed the complex interactions between microbial species, environmental characteristics, and rhinitis symptoms.

中文翻译：

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初中生环境特征、高分辨率室内微生物组、代谢组与过敏性和非过敏性鼻炎症状之间的关联

鼻炎是全球最普遍的慢性疾病之一。微生物组暴露会影响鼻炎的发生。然而，之前的研究并未在微生物关联分析中区分过敏性鼻炎 (AR) 和非过敏性鼻炎 (NAR)。在这项研究中，我们调查了马来西亚登嘉楼 8 所初中的 347 名学生，他们根据自填问卷和皮肤点刺测试被归类为健康 (70.9%)、AR (13.8%) 和 NAR (15.3%)花粉、宠物、霉菌和屋尘螨过敏原。PacBio 长读长扩增子测序、定量 PCR 和基于 LC-MS 的非靶向代谢组学表征了吸尘灰尘中的课堂微生物和代谢物暴露。我们的研究结果表明 AR 和 NAR 之间存在相似的微生物关联模式。p < 0.05）。Brasilonema bromeliae和Aeromonas enteropelogenes与 AR 和 NAR 呈负相关，异常球菌与 AR 和 NAR 呈正相关 ( p < 0.01)。哌啶酸与 AR 和 NAR 症状有保护作用（OR = 0.06 和 0.13，p = 0.009 和 0.045）。神经网络分析表明，B. bromeliae与哌啶酸同时发生，表明该物种的保护作用可能是通过释放哌啶酸来介导的。室内相对湿度和真空灰尘重量分别与 AR 和 NAR 相关（p< 0.05)，但健康影响是由两种保护性细菌介导的，即Aliinostoc morphoplasticum和Ilumatobacter fluminis。总体而言，我们的研究报告了 AR 和 NAR 之间相似的微生物关联模式，还揭示了微生物种类、环境特征和鼻炎症状之间复杂的相互作用。